Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of microorganisms are most non-photosynthetic bacteria, including most pathogens, fungi and protozoa?
Which type of microorganisms are most non-photosynthetic bacteria, including most pathogens, fungi and protozoa?
What do pathogenic bacteria use to derive their energy?
What do pathogenic bacteria use to derive their energy?
Which growth requirement example is correct for complex growth requirements in bacteria?
Which growth requirement example is correct for complex growth requirements in bacteria?
What is reduced to ammonia and incorporated by assimilatory nitrate reduction in many microorganisms?
What is reduced to ammonia and incorporated by assimilatory nitrate reduction in many microorganisms?
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What are growth factors for microorganisms?
What are growth factors for microorganisms?
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An example of an auxotroph is a bacterium that:
An example of an auxotroph is a bacterium that:
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Which of the following elements is NOT correctly paired with its function in microorganisms?
Which of the following elements is NOT correctly paired with its function in microorganisms?
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Which organism needs haem and niacin for growth?
Which organism needs haem and niacin for growth?
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Which nutrient is required for the heat resistance of bacterial spores?
Which nutrient is required for the heat resistance of bacterial spores?
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What term is used to describe bacteria that can use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source?
What term is used to describe bacteria that can use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source?
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Which element is required for the activity of enzymes involved in protein synthesis?
Which element is required for the activity of enzymes involved in protein synthesis?
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What are the two main sources of energy available to microorganisms?
What are the two main sources of energy available to microorganisms?
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Which of these elements is not considered a macronutrient?
Which of these elements is not considered a macronutrient?
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Which type of bacteria requires an 'other' carbon source, not carbon dioxide?
Which type of bacteria requires an 'other' carbon source, not carbon dioxide?
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What essential role does magnesium play in bacterial cells?
What essential role does magnesium play in bacterial cells?
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What type of reactions are involved in the synthesis of cell components from nutrients?
What type of reactions are involved in the synthesis of cell components from nutrients?
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What percentage of microbial cells' dry weight is composed of macronutrients?
What percentage of microbial cells' dry weight is composed of macronutrients?
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Which of the following bacteria can utilize over 100 different carbon sources?
Which of the following bacteria can utilize over 100 different carbon sources?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Nutrition and Growth
- Bacteria require a source of energy and the raw materials to build new cell components to grow.
- All cells have the ability to direct chemical reactions and organize molecules into specific structures.
- Chemical substances from outside the cell are transported inside and transformed.
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
- Catabolism results in energy, nutrients, and waste products.
- Anabolism is the synthesis of cell components from nutrients.
Macroelements / Macronutrients
- Potassium is required for enzyme activity, including protein synthesis.
- Calcium is required for heat resistance of spores.
- Magnesium is an enzyme co-factor, complexes with ATP, and stabilizes ribosomes and cell membranes.
- Iron is found in cytochromes and is a co-factor for enzymes and electron-carrying proteins.
Classification Based on Metabolism
- Heterotrophs require a source of carbon, such as glucose.
- Autotrophs use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source.
- Autotrophs are often photosynthetic.
- Microorganisms use a wide range of carbon sources.
Anabolism and Catabolism
- Anabolism is the process of transforming substances into new cellular components.
- Catabolism is the process of breaking down chemical compounds to release energy.
Nutritional Requirements
- Most bacteria require a source of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, energy, water, and various ions.
- 95% of microbial cells' dry weight is composed of macroelements/macronutrients.
- Macroelements/macronutrients are required in large amounts.
Micronutrients / Trace Elements
- Micronutrients/trace elements are required by most cells and include manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper.
- Micronutrients/trace elements are part of enzymes and cofactors, aiding in the catalysis of reactions and maintenance of protein structure.
Sources of Energy for Anabolic Reactions
- There are two sources of energy available to microorganisms: light energy trapped during photosynthesis (phototrophs) and energy derived from oxidizing organic or inorganic molecules (chemotrophs).
Classification of Microorganisms
- Chemoorganoheterotrophs use organic chemical energy, organic electron donors, and organic carbon sources.
Medically Relevant Bacteria
- Pathogenic bacteria derive their energy from metabolizing sugars, fats, and proteins.
- Growth requirements vary among pathogenic bacteria.
N/P/S Metabolism
- Microorganisms need to incorporate large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to grow.
- Nitrogen is needed for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, lipids, enzyme co-factors, and other substances.
Growth Factors
- Growth factors are organic compounds required because they are essential cell components or precursors and cannot be synthesized by the microorganism.
- Examples of growth factors include amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and vitamins.
Another Criteria for Differentiation
- Prototrophs use the same nutrients as most naturally occurring members of the species.
- Auxotrophs are mutants that cannot synthesize a molecule necessary for growth and reproduction.
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Description
Learn about the essential components of bacterial growth, including energy sources and carbon sources, as well as the roles of catabolic and anabolic reactions in bacterial nutrition.
