Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is required for bacterial growth?
What is required for bacterial growth?
Which macroelement is required for the activity of enzymes involved in protein synthesis?
Which macroelement is required for the activity of enzymes involved in protein synthesis?
Which organisms use carbon dioxide as their principal carbon source?
Which organisms use carbon dioxide as their principal carbon source?
What is the result of catabolic reactions?
What is the result of catabolic reactions?
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Which source of energy do phototrophs use?
Which source of energy do phototrophs use?
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What is a common characteristic of fastidious bacteria?
What is a common characteristic of fastidious bacteria?
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Which element is essential for the heat resistance of spores?
Which element is essential for the heat resistance of spores?
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What percentage of microbial cells' dry weight is composed of major macroelements?
What percentage of microbial cells' dry weight is composed of major macroelements?
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Which macroelement stabilizes ribosomes and cell membranes?
Which macroelement stabilizes ribosomes and cell membranes?
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Which organisms derive energy from oxidizing organic or inorganic molecules?
Which organisms derive energy from oxidizing organic or inorganic molecules?
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Which type of microorganisms are most non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa?
Which type of microorganisms are most non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa?
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What is the carbon source for chemoorganoheterotrophs?
What is the carbon source for chemoorganoheterotrophs?
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Which of these bacteria have complex growth requirements?
Which of these bacteria have complex growth requirements?
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Which nutrient is NOT essential for microbial growth?
Which nutrient is NOT essential for microbial growth?
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Which of these molecules do microorganisms NOT synthesize using nitrogen?
Which of these molecules do microorganisms NOT synthesize using nitrogen?
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Which term describes microorganisms that can no longer synthesize a necessary growth molecule due to mutation?
Which term describes microorganisms that can no longer synthesize a necessary growth molecule due to mutation?
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Which of the following are examples of elements needed in large quantities for microbial growth?
Which of the following are examples of elements needed in large quantities for microbial growth?
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Which organic compounds act as growth factors for microorganisms?
Which organic compounds act as growth factors for microorganisms?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Nutrition and Growth
- Bacteria require a source of energy and the raw materials to build new cell components to grow.
- All cells have the ability to direct chemical reactions and organize molecules into specific structures.
- Chemical substances from outside the cell are transported inside and transformed.
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
- Catabolism results in energy, nutrients, and waste products.
- Anabolism is the synthesis of cell components from nutrients.
Macroelements / Macronutrients
- Potassium is required for enzyme activity, including protein synthesis.
- Calcium is required for heat resistance of spores.
- Magnesium is an enzyme co-factor, complexes with ATP, and stabilizes ribosomes and cell membranes.
- Iron is found in cytochromes and is a co-factor for enzymes and electron-carrying proteins.
Classification Based on Metabolism
- Heterotrophs require a source of carbon, such as glucose.
- Autotrophs use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source.
- Autotrophs are often photosynthetic.
- Microorganisms use a wide range of carbon sources.
Anabolism and Catabolism
- Anabolism is the process of transforming substances into new cellular components.
- Catabolism is the process of breaking down chemical compounds to release energy.
Nutritional Requirements
- Most bacteria require a source of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, energy, water, and various ions.
- 95% of microbial cells' dry weight is composed of macroelements/macronutrients.
- Macroelements/macronutrients are required in large amounts.
Micronutrients / Trace Elements
- Micronutrients/trace elements are required by most cells and include manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper.
- Micronutrients/trace elements are part of enzymes and cofactors, aiding in the catalysis of reactions and maintenance of protein structure.
Sources of Energy for Anabolic Reactions
- There are two sources of energy available to microorganisms: light energy trapped during photosynthesis (phototrophs) and energy derived from oxidizing organic or inorganic molecules (chemotrophs).
Classification of Microorganisms
- Chemoorganoheterotrophs use organic chemical energy, organic electron donors, and organic carbon sources.
Medically Relevant Bacteria
- Pathogenic bacteria derive their energy from metabolizing sugars, fats, and proteins.
- Growth requirements vary among pathogenic bacteria.
N/P/S Metabolism
- Microorganisms need to incorporate large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to grow.
- Nitrogen is needed for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, lipids, enzyme co-factors, and other substances.
Growth Factors
- Growth factors are organic compounds required because they are essential cell components or precursors and cannot be synthesized by the microorganism.
- Examples of growth factors include amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and vitamins.
Another Criteria for Differentiation
- Prototrophs use the same nutrients as most naturally occurring members of the species.
- Auxotrophs are mutants that cannot synthesize a molecule necessary for growth and reproduction.
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Description
Learn about the requirements for bacterial growth, including sources of energy and carbon, as well as the processes of catabolism and anabolism. Understand how cells direct chemical reactions and organise molecules.
