Bacterial Gene Regulation

Open Reading Frames

• If not every gene contains an open reading frame, then not every open reading frame is necessarily a gene

Gene Sequencing

• To find a gene in a sequence, look for ATG, which is the start codon

Bacterial Genes

• The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is used for translation, not transcription in bacterial genes

Bacterial Gene Location

• The promoter is located before the transcriptional start site in a bacterial gene

Three Gene Operon

• If deletion of glyA prevents growth without glycine, and adding WT glyA on a plasmid doesn't restore the WT phenotype, the glyA deletion mutation is likely polar

Leucine Metabolism

• Deleting three adjacent genes (leuABC) prevents growth without leucine, and adding WT leuA, leuB, or leuC separately on a plasmid doesn't complement, then the mutation is likely polar

DNA Excision

• Incorrect DNA excision allows gene transfer describes specialized transduction

Relaxosome

• The relaxosome comprises relaxase and other accessory proteins, made of relaxase and a separate protein covalently bound to the oriT

Bacterial Genome Sequencing

• The time difference to sequence a bacterial genome between now (next-gen sequencing) and 25 years ago (Sanger sequencing) is hours/years

Next Gen Sequencing

• If adapters aren't added to genomic DNA fragments for Next-Gen Sequencing, the fragments would not be sequenced, as they couldn't hybridize to a fixed surface or use sequencing primers

First Cellular Genome Sequenced

• Haemophilus influenza was the first cellular genome to be completely sequenced

First Eukaryotic Genome Sequenced

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic genome to be completely sequenced

RNA-Seq Experiment

• In an RNA-Seq experiment, for WT strain gene abcd, 15,000 reads from 1 million total reads were obtained. For a mutant strain gene abcd, 20,000 reads were obtained from 4 million total reads so the fold decrease is 0.3

Transcription Factor Binding

• ChIP-Seq is the technique to identify the promoters where protein TigR binds in the Salmonella genome, where TigR is a transcription factor regulating several genes

Genes Altered in Expression

• Microarray analysis, RNA-Seq, and Proteomics are all techniques that determine genes altered in expression when deleting the gene encoding TigR

First Discovered Virus

• The first discovered virus was a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage

Norovirus Resistance to Hand Sanitizer

• Norovirus is largely unaffected by hand sanitizer because they do not possess an envelope

Plasmid Components for Conjugation

• Coupling protein, oriT, pilus, relaxase, and type IV secretion pore are components essential for a plasmid to encode conjugation

Polio Virus Lifecycle

• Polio virus is a (+) RNA virus with a lifecycle of entry, (+) RNA reversed transcribed, DNA copy integrated into cell genome, (+) RNA copies are packaged into new viral particles and viral budding from cell

Viral Latency

• A latency virus is able to form plaques in culture, where only a small subpopulation of the viruses go latent

Paramyxovirus Lifecycle

• Paramyxoviruses are negative-stranded RNA genomes with the order of events in their lifecycle being Entry> conversion to (+) copy > conversion to (-) copy > translation of the genome

Viral Infection

• Getting a mouse virus to infect human cells is possible, as has been definitively shown

Blocking g Gene Expression

• Blocking g gene expression would result in viral genome replication occurring, but no packaging or viral budding

HSV-2 and Pregnancy

• Women with HSV-2 routinely deliver healthy babies because the mother's antibodies protect the infant

Blocking HIV Integrase

• Blocking HIV integrase activity results in viral RNA being reverse transcribed, but no new viral protein is made & no new particles formed

HIV Statistics

• 1.2 million / 38 million is the HIV positive in USA / HIV positive worldwide

HIV Transmission

• Drugs alone can enable an HIV-positive person to have unprotected sexual contact with an HIV-negative partner without transmitting the virus

Disease Transmission

• Disinfectants like Lysol reduce disease transmission primarily through fomite

Infections: Acute Phase Followed by Clearance

• Rhino or Coronavirus is characterized as having an acute phase followed by clearance if untreated

Transformation Blockage on Copepod

• If transformation was blocked on the copepod, establishment of new virulent strains would be decreased

Common Traveler's Diarrhea Culprit

• E. coli ETEC, also known as Escherichia coli is the most common culprit for common traveler's diarrhea, contrasted with cholera

Sickle Cell Disease and Malaria Resistance

• Parasite infects the same as normal, but disease effects are inhibited

Malaria Eradication in the USA

• Malaria was eradicated from the USA through insecticides, malarial drugs, water management, flood control and all of the above

Cholera Toxin Mechanism

• In the mechanism of cholera toxin, CFTR acts as a channel to allow massive amounts of ions into the gut

Zmapp

• Zmapp, an Ebola drug used in the 2014 outbreak, is a mixture of antibodies against Ebola

Host Protein Use in Viruses

• Ebola, Hepatitis A virus and Dengue virus all use the same host protein as part of binding/entry into cells

Liver Activity During Malaria

• During malaria infection, schizogony occurs in the liver