Bacterial DNA Replication and Replisome Complexes
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Questions and Answers

Who described the first microbes as the fruiting structures of fungi?

  • Francesco Redi
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • Robert Hooke (correct)

    • Which scientist observed the first single-celled organisms, bacteria?

  • Francesco Redi
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (correct)
  • Robert Hooke
  • Louis Pasteur

    • Which scientist conducted the meat/flies experiment to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation for large organisms?

  • Francesco Redi (correct)
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • Robert Hooke

    • Who sterilized meat broth by boiling but failed to grow microbes by not allowing air access?

    <p>Lazzaro Spallanzani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation via the Swan-necked flask experiment?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory did Francesco Redi's meat/flies experiment disprove?

    <p>Theory of spontaneous generation for large organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for sealing the break in double-strand break repair through non-homologous end joining?

    <p>Ku-family protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?

    <p>Seals nicks in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which repair mechanism does an endonuclease remove a patch of single-stranded DNA containing damaged bases, including dimers?

    <p>Nucleotide excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein prevents the expression of SOS genes when not activated?

    <p>LexA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RecA in the SOS response?

    <p>Activates protease/self-break of LexA when DNA is damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of repair mechanism recognizes and repairs bases that do not distort DNA structure?

    <p>Base-excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?

    <p>Requires homology and mediates recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is known for being error-prone in its DNA replication and repair functions?

    <p>DNA mutase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?

    <p>Synthesizes RNA by adding complementary bases to a template DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ku-family protein in double-strand break repair?

    <p>Binds to broken ends to facilitate repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of FtsZ in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Forms 'Z-ring' in spherical cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MreB form inside rod-shaped bacterial cells?

    <p>Coil inside rod-shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered that prokaryotes lived in hot springs and produced methane?

    <p>Carl Woese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule is considered to contain time information in its sequence, with the average rate of accumulation of mutations reflecting the time?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary study involves the examination of relationships among biological individuals such as species, groups of organisms, and genetic sequences?

    <p>Phylogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the site on mRNA that allows binding to the 30s subunit of ribosomes?

    <p>Shine-Dalgarno site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experimental setup simulated the chemical and energy conditions of prehistoric Earth's 'water cycle'?

    <p>Urey-Miller Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the germ theory of disease, which states that a specific type of microorganism causes a specific disease?

    <p>Robert Koch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Angelina and Walther Hesse discover that allowed for bacterial culture to grow?

    <p>Solid medium using agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the hypothetical set of conditions present on Earth around 4 billion years ago, leading to the emergence of small organic molecules?

    <p>Prebiotic Soup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is associated with the discovery of colonies being clonal - replicates of the original cell that started the colony?

    <p>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carl Woese use to identify distinct forms of life by analyzing their rRNA?

    <p>16S rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the alignment of homologous sequences in divergent species/strains to determine genetic relatedness?

    <p>Sequence alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism shared similar DNA characteristics with mitochondria and chloroplasts?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the Endosymbiont Theory is controversial?

    <p>It implies polyphyletic over monophyletic origins of eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic behavior of mitochondria that supports the idea that they were once independent organisms?

    <p>They contain their own circular genomes and prokaryotic-like ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true for bacterial genomes?

    <p>They have little non-coding DNA and no introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a DNA control sequence in gene expression?

    <p>It regulates the expression of the structural gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in bacteria forms loops of chromosomes called domains and is partly compacted by DNA-binding proteins?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genomic islands in bacteria?

    <p>Regions of the genome with signs of horizontal transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of gene acquisition in bacteria involving transfer from other species?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological state of bacteria enhances competence for gene transfer through transformation?

    <p>Early log phase growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transduction can transfer any gene from a donor to a recipient cell?

    <p>Generalized transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of recombination requires specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences?

    <p>Homologous recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves bacterial cell-to-cell contact through a sex pilus for DNA transfer?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances competence in gram-negative bacteria for DNA uptake during transformation?

    <p>Low temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?

    <p>Protect against pH, viral infection, and extracellular enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transporter assists in the diffusion of specific substrates across the membrane?

    <p>ABC Transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between passive transport and active transport?

    <p>Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) in sugar transport?

    <p>It phosphorylates substrates to maintain a gradient for sugar transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bacterial secretion system?

    <p>Movement of proteins out of cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sec-dependent secretion system, what is the role of the signal peptide?

    <p>Escort specific substrate to transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cell-cell secretion involving large needle-like protein complexes?

    <p>Inject toxins/harmful molecules into eukaryotic/bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Type III secretion systems from Type VI secretion systems?

    <p>Type III injects into eukaryotic cells only, while Type VI injects into both eukaryotic and bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of gradient does the phosphotransferase system (PTS) use to drive entry during sugar transportation?

    <p>Proton-motive force gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ABC Transporters provide energy for final transport?

    <p>By ATP-hydrolyzing protein inducing conformational change in transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of molecules can pass through the membrane via simple diffusion?

    <p>Small uncharged molecules and weak acids/bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of S-layers in protecting bacteria and Archaea?

    <p>Protect against pH, viral infection, and extracellular enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the two strands of DNA during bacterial DNA replication?

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of SSBs (single-stranded DNA binding proteins) during DNA synthesis?

    <p>They keep the single DNA strands apart during DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA polymerase III in bacterial DNA replication?

    <p>It synthesizes new DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of DNA replication begin in most cases?

    <p>At origin of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme removes the RNA primers during the completion of DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of topoisomerase IV at the termination of replication?

    <p>Catalyzes a breaking and rejoining event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of a relaxed plasmid replication?

    <p>It is independent of chromosomal replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the ParMRC system in plasmid segregation?

    <p>Carries toxin-antitoxin module for self-maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation changes the open-reading frame of a gene?

    <p>Frame-shift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair mechanism involves correction of mismatch by DNA polymerase III during DNA replication?

    <p>Proofreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tested for mutagen strength in an Ames Test?

    <p>Reversion mutation from mutagens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations are caused by compounds that interfere with DNA chemistry and are often carcinogens?

    <p>Base analog mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the microscope and described the first microbes as fruiting structures of fungi?

    <p>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory was disproved by Francesco Redi's meat/flies experiment?

    <p>Spontaneous generation for large organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who sterilized meat broth by boiling but failed to grow microbes by not allowing air access?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Swan-necked flask experiment by Louis Pasteur disprove?

    <p>Spontaneous generation for large organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory proposed that living creatures could arise without parents?

    <p>Spontaneous Generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist observed 1st single-celled organisms, bacteria, through a microscope?

    <p>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA primase in bacterial DNA replication?

    <p>Produces RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the two strands of DNA during bacterial DNA replication?

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA primers in DNA replication?

    <p>Act as starting points for DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme removes the RNA primers during the completion of DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?

    <p>Assists in the alignment of homologous sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tested for mutagen strength in an Ames Test?

    <p>Chemical with unknown mutagen activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations are caused by compounds that interfere with DNA chemistry and are often carcinogens?

    <p>Base analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Type III secretion systems from Type VI secretion systems?

    <p>Function during exchange of foreign DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein prevents the expression of SOS genes when not activated?

    <p>Specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport system provides energy for final transport?

    <p>DNA polymerase III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of gene acquisition in bacteria involving transfer from other species?

    <p>Involvement of large needle-like protein complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genomic islands in bacteria?

    <p>The primary function of DNA primase in bacterial DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of isolating bacterial colonies and growing them in a pure culture?

    <p>To establish clonal populations for further analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of solid medium using agar in bacterial culture?

    <p>It facilitates the growth of pure bacterial cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Robert Koch's Postulates, what is the requirement for the suspected organism in Postulate #2?

    <p>It should be grown in pure culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the limitations mentioned in relation to Koch's Postulates?

    <p>Pathogens may not be culturable with known techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothetical set of conditions present on Earth approximately 4 billion years ago is described in the text?

    <p>Prebiotic Soup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Miller-Urey Experiment aim to simulate?

    <p>Chemical and energy conditions of early Earth's 'water cycle'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RNA precursor to DNA have in its genome, according to the text?

    <p>Catalytic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the molecular clock contain, according to the text?

    <p>Time information in macromolecular sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carl Woese discover about prokaryotes based on his analysis of 16S rRNA?

    <p>They were distinct form of life compared to eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for producing organic molecules according to the text?

    <p>Combination of essential elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Angelina & Walther Hesse discover by using solid medium with agar for bacterial culture?

    <p>Allowed for growth of pure bacterial cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which repair mechanism does an endonuclease remove a patch of single-stranded DNA containing damaged bases, including dimers?

    <p>Base-excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ku-family protein in double-strand break repair?

    <p>Binding to broken ends and fixing the break</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?

    <p>Sealing back together the DNA strands after repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair mechanism recognizes mismatches missed by proofreading and uses DNA methylation as an indicator for the newer strand?

    <p>Methyl mismatch repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RecA (single-strand DNA binding protein) in the context of DNA damage?

    <p>Inactivates LexA when DNA is damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves coupling of transcription and translation in prokaryotes?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of RNA polymerase in translation?

    <p>Generates RNA from a DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule strengthens the lipid membrane of bacteria and Archaea?

    <p>&quot;Hapanoids&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria in terms of cell wall structure?

    <p>Presence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Rho-dependent termination in transcription?

    <p>Binding mRNA and moving along it to catch up with RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic behavior supports the idea that mitochondria were once independent organisms?

    <p>Sharing similar DNA characteristics with other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the shapes commonly observed in bacteria cells?

    <p>Formation of a Z-ring in spherical cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Sec System in bacterial cells?

    <p>Transport of unfolded proteins requiring ATP hydrolysis to move out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)?

    <p>Sugar transport using energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to attach phosphate to sugar during transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport is osmosis an example of?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ABC Transporters in bacterial cells?

    <p>Provide energy for final transport via ATP hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?

    <p>To protect against pH, viral infection, and extracellular enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transporters are proteins that help polar, charged, and large molecules cross the membrane using a channel?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial secretion system involves the movement of proteins out of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Sec-independent systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Proton-Motive Force in bacteria?

    <p>Promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the phosphotransferase system (PTS) use to drive entry during sugar transportation?

    <p>[Low] → [High] secondary active transport using another solute gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Bacterial Secretion System in bacterial cells?

    <p>Movement of proteins out of the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Group Translocation (phosphotransferase system) in bacterial cells?

    <p>Sugar transport using energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to attach phosphate to sugar during transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport does simple diffusion represent?

    <p>Passive transport - follows gradient, no energy required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?

    <p>Sealing the break in double-strand break repair through non-homologous end joining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of recombination requires specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences?

    <p>Generalized recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves bacterial cell-to-cell contact through a sex pilus for DNA transfer?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?

    <p>Finding homology to recipient DNA and invading recipient &amp; donor to homologous stretch of recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the Endosymbiont Theory is controversial?

    <p>The implication of polyphyletic over monophyletic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances competence in gram-negative bacteria for DNA uptake during transformation?

    <p>CaCl2 &amp; low temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?

    <p>Protecting bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

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