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Questions and Answers
Who described the first microbes as the fruiting structures of fungi?
Which scientist observed the first single-celled organisms, bacteria?
Which scientist conducted the meat/flies experiment to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation for large organisms?
Who sterilized meat broth by boiling but failed to grow microbes by not allowing air access?
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Which scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation via the Swan-necked flask experiment?
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What theory did Francesco Redi's meat/flies experiment disprove?
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Which enzyme is responsible for sealing the break in double-strand break repair through non-homologous end joining?
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What is the function of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?
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In which repair mechanism does an endonuclease remove a patch of single-stranded DNA containing damaged bases, including dimers?
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Which protein prevents the expression of SOS genes when not activated?
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What is the role of RecA in the SOS response?
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Which type of repair mechanism recognizes and repairs bases that do not distort DNA structure?
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What is the function of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?
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Which enzyme is known for being error-prone in its DNA replication and repair functions?
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What role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?
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What is the primary function of the Ku-family protein in double-strand break repair?
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What is the function of FtsZ in prokaryotic cells?
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What does MreB form inside rod-shaped bacterial cells?
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Which scientist discovered that prokaryotes lived in hot springs and produced methane?
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Which type of molecule is considered to contain time information in its sequence, with the average rate of accumulation of mutations reflecting the time?
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Which evolutionary study involves the examination of relationships among biological individuals such as species, groups of organisms, and genetic sequences?
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What is the name of the site on mRNA that allows binding to the 30s subunit of ribosomes?
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Which experimental setup simulated the chemical and energy conditions of prehistoric Earth's 'water cycle'?
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Who developed the germ theory of disease, which states that a specific type of microorganism causes a specific disease?
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What did Angelina and Walther Hesse discover that allowed for bacterial culture to grow?
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What is the term for the hypothetical set of conditions present on Earth around 4 billion years ago, leading to the emergence of small organic molecules?
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Which scientist is associated with the discovery of colonies being clonal - replicates of the original cell that started the colony?
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What did Carl Woese use to identify distinct forms of life by analyzing their rRNA?
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What is required for the alignment of homologous sequences in divergent species/strains to determine genetic relatedness?
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Which organism shared similar DNA characteristics with mitochondria and chloroplasts?
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What is the primary reason the Endosymbiont Theory is controversial?
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What is the characteristic behavior of mitochondria that supports the idea that they were once independent organisms?
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Which characteristic is true for bacterial genomes?
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What is the function of a DNA control sequence in gene expression?
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Which structure in bacteria forms loops of chromosomes called domains and is partly compacted by DNA-binding proteins?
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What are genomic islands in bacteria?
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What is the primary mechanism of gene acquisition in bacteria involving transfer from other species?
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What physiological state of bacteria enhances competence for gene transfer through transformation?
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What type of transduction can transfer any gene from a donor to a recipient cell?
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What type of recombination requires specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences?
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What process involves bacterial cell-to-cell contact through a sex pilus for DNA transfer?
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What enhances competence in gram-negative bacteria for DNA uptake during transformation?
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What is the function of S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?
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Which type of transporter assists in the diffusion of specific substrates across the membrane?
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What is the primary difference between passive transport and active transport?
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What is the role of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) in sugar transport?
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What is the function of the bacterial secretion system?
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In the Sec-dependent secretion system, what is the role of the signal peptide?
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What is the function of cell-cell secretion involving large needle-like protein complexes?
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What distinguishes Type III secretion systems from Type VI secretion systems?
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What kind of gradient does the phosphotransferase system (PTS) use to drive entry during sugar transportation?
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How do ABC Transporters provide energy for final transport?
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What kind of molecules can pass through the membrane via simple diffusion?
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What is the role of S-layers in protecting bacteria and Archaea?
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Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the two strands of DNA during bacterial DNA replication?
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What is the function of SSBs (single-stranded DNA binding proteins) during DNA synthesis?
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What is the role of DNA polymerase III in bacterial DNA replication?
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Where does the process of DNA replication begin in most cases?
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Which enzyme removes the RNA primers during the completion of DNA replication?
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What is the function of topoisomerase IV at the termination of replication?
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What is a defining characteristic of a relaxed plasmid replication?
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What is one of the functions of the ParMRC system in plasmid segregation?
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What type of mutation changes the open-reading frame of a gene?
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Which repair mechanism involves correction of mismatch by DNA polymerase III during DNA replication?
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What is tested for mutagen strength in an Ames Test?
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What type of mutations are caused by compounds that interfere with DNA chemistry and are often carcinogens?
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Who invented the microscope and described the first microbes as fruiting structures of fungi?
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What theory was disproved by Francesco Redi's meat/flies experiment?
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Who sterilized meat broth by boiling but failed to grow microbes by not allowing air access?
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What did the Swan-necked flask experiment by Louis Pasteur disprove?
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What theory proposed that living creatures could arise without parents?
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Which scientist observed 1st single-celled organisms, bacteria, through a microscope?
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What is the primary function of DNA primase in bacterial DNA replication?
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Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the two strands of DNA during bacterial DNA replication?
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What is the function of RNA primers in DNA replication?
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What enzyme removes the RNA primers during the completion of DNA replication?
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What is the role of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?
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What is tested for mutagen strength in an Ames Test?
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What type of mutations are caused by compounds that interfere with DNA chemistry and are often carcinogens?
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What distinguishes Type III secretion systems from Type VI secretion systems?
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Which protein prevents the expression of SOS genes when not activated?
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What type of transport system provides energy for final transport?
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What is the primary mechanism of gene acquisition in bacteria involving transfer from other species?
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What are genomic islands in bacteria?
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What is the main purpose of isolating bacterial colonies and growing them in a pure culture?
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What is the significance of solid medium using agar in bacterial culture?
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According to Robert Koch's Postulates, what is the requirement for the suspected organism in Postulate #2?
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What are the limitations mentioned in relation to Koch's Postulates?
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What hypothetical set of conditions present on Earth approximately 4 billion years ago is described in the text?
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What did the Miller-Urey Experiment aim to simulate?
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What does RNA precursor to DNA have in its genome, according to the text?
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What does the molecular clock contain, according to the text?
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What did Carl Woese discover about prokaryotes based on his analysis of 16S rRNA?
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What is essential for producing organic molecules according to the text?
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What did Angelina & Walther Hesse discover by using solid medium with agar for bacterial culture?
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In which repair mechanism does an endonuclease remove a patch of single-stranded DNA containing damaged bases, including dimers?
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What is the primary function of the Ku-family protein in double-strand break repair?
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What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?
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Which repair mechanism recognizes mismatches missed by proofreading and uses DNA methylation as an indicator for the newer strand?
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What is the function of RecA (single-strand DNA binding protein) in the context of DNA damage?
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Which process involves coupling of transcription and translation in prokaryotes?
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What is the primary role of RNA polymerase in translation?
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Which molecule strengthens the lipid membrane of bacteria and Archaea?
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What distinguishes Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria in terms of cell wall structure?
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What is the primary function of the Rho-dependent termination in transcription?
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What characteristic behavior supports the idea that mitochondria were once independent organisms?
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What is one of the shapes commonly observed in bacteria cells?
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What is the function of the Sec System in bacterial cells?
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What is the primary function of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)?
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What type of transport is osmosis an example of?
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What is the main role of ABC Transporters in bacterial cells?
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What is the purpose of the S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?
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What type of transporters are proteins that help polar, charged, and large molecules cross the membrane using a channel?
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Which type of bacterial secretion system involves the movement of proteins out of the cytoplasm?
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What is the primary function of the Proton-Motive Force in bacteria?
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What is the mechanism by which the phosphotransferase system (PTS) use to drive entry during sugar transportation?
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What is the role of the Bacterial Secretion System in bacterial cells?
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What is the main function of Group Translocation (phosphotransferase system) in bacterial cells?
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What type of transport does simple diffusion represent?
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What is the primary function of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?
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What type of recombination requires specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences?
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Which process involves bacterial cell-to-cell contact through a sex pilus for DNA transfer?
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What is the role of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?
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What is the primary reason the Endosymbiont Theory is controversial?
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What enhances competence in gram-negative bacteria for DNA uptake during transformation?
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What is the function of S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?
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