126 Questions
Who described the first microbes as the fruiting structures of fungi?
Robert Hooke
Which scientist observed the first single-celled organisms, bacteria?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Which scientist conducted the meat/flies experiment to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation for large organisms?
Francesco Redi
Who sterilized meat broth by boiling but failed to grow microbes by not allowing air access?
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Which scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation via the Swan-necked flask experiment?
Louis Pasteur
What theory did Francesco Redi's meat/flies experiment disprove?
Theory of spontaneous generation for large organisms
Which enzyme is responsible for sealing the break in double-strand break repair through non-homologous end joining?
Ku-family protein
What is the function of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?
Seals nicks in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA
In which repair mechanism does an endonuclease remove a patch of single-stranded DNA containing damaged bases, including dimers?
Nucleotide excision repair
Which protein prevents the expression of SOS genes when not activated?
LexA
What is the role of RecA in the SOS response?
Activates protease/self-break of LexA when DNA is damaged
Which type of repair mechanism recognizes and repairs bases that do not distort DNA structure?
Base-excision repair
What is the function of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?
Requires homology and mediates recombination
Which enzyme is known for being error-prone in its DNA replication and repair functions?
DNA mutase
What role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?
Synthesizes RNA by adding complementary bases to a template DNA strand
What is the primary function of the Ku-family protein in double-strand break repair?
Binds to broken ends to facilitate repair
What is the function of FtsZ in prokaryotic cells?
Forms 'Z-ring' in spherical cells
What does MreB form inside rod-shaped bacterial cells?
Coil inside rod-shaped cells
Which scientist discovered that prokaryotes lived in hot springs and produced methane?
Carl Woese
Which type of molecule is considered to contain time information in its sequence, with the average rate of accumulation of mutations reflecting the time?
RNA
Which evolutionary study involves the examination of relationships among biological individuals such as species, groups of organisms, and genetic sequences?
Phylogenetics
What is the name of the site on mRNA that allows binding to the 30s subunit of ribosomes?
Shine-Dalgarno site
Which experimental setup simulated the chemical and energy conditions of prehistoric Earth's 'water cycle'?
Urey-Miller Experiment
Who developed the germ theory of disease, which states that a specific type of microorganism causes a specific disease?
Robert Koch
What did Angelina and Walther Hesse discover that allowed for bacterial culture to grow?
Solid medium using agar
What is the term for the hypothetical set of conditions present on Earth around 4 billion years ago, leading to the emergence of small organic molecules?
Prebiotic Soup
Which scientist is associated with the discovery of colonies being clonal - replicates of the original cell that started the colony?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What did Carl Woese use to identify distinct forms of life by analyzing their rRNA?
16S rRNA
What is required for the alignment of homologous sequences in divergent species/strains to determine genetic relatedness?
Sequence alignment
Which organism shared similar DNA characteristics with mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Bacteria
What is the primary reason the Endosymbiont Theory is controversial?
It implies polyphyletic over monophyletic origins of eukaryotic cells
What is the characteristic behavior of mitochondria that supports the idea that they were once independent organisms?
They contain their own circular genomes and prokaryotic-like ribosomes
Which characteristic is true for bacterial genomes?
They have little non-coding DNA and no introns
What is the function of a DNA control sequence in gene expression?
It regulates the expression of the structural gene
Which structure in bacteria forms loops of chromosomes called domains and is partly compacted by DNA-binding proteins?
Nucleoid
What are genomic islands in bacteria?
Regions of the genome with signs of horizontal transfer
What is the primary mechanism of gene acquisition in bacteria involving transfer from other species?
Transformation
What physiological state of bacteria enhances competence for gene transfer through transformation?
Early log phase growth
What type of transduction can transfer any gene from a donor to a recipient cell?
Generalized transduction
What type of recombination requires specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences?
Homologous recombination
What process involves bacterial cell-to-cell contact through a sex pilus for DNA transfer?
Conjugation
What enhances competence in gram-negative bacteria for DNA uptake during transformation?
Low temperature
What is the function of S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?
Protect against pH, viral infection, and extracellular enzymes
Which type of transporter assists in the diffusion of specific substrates across the membrane?
ABC Transporters
What is the primary difference between passive transport and active transport?
Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not
What is the role of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) in sugar transport?
It phosphorylates substrates to maintain a gradient for sugar transportation
What is the function of the bacterial secretion system?
Movement of proteins out of cytoplasm
In the Sec-dependent secretion system, what is the role of the signal peptide?
Escort specific substrate to transporter
What is the function of cell-cell secretion involving large needle-like protein complexes?
Inject toxins/harmful molecules into eukaryotic/bacterial cells
What distinguishes Type III secretion systems from Type VI secretion systems?
Type III injects into eukaryotic cells only, while Type VI injects into both eukaryotic and bacterial cells
What kind of gradient does the phosphotransferase system (PTS) use to drive entry during sugar transportation?
Proton-motive force gradient
How do ABC Transporters provide energy for final transport?
By ATP-hydrolyzing protein inducing conformational change in transporter
What kind of molecules can pass through the membrane via simple diffusion?
Small uncharged molecules and weak acids/bases
What is the role of S-layers in protecting bacteria and Archaea?
Protect against pH, viral infection, and extracellular enzymes
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the two strands of DNA during bacterial DNA replication?
DNA helicase
What is the function of SSBs (single-stranded DNA binding proteins) during DNA synthesis?
They keep the single DNA strands apart during DNA synthesis
What is the role of DNA polymerase III in bacterial DNA replication?
It synthesizes new DNA strands
Where does the process of DNA replication begin in most cases?
At origin of replication
Which enzyme removes the RNA primers during the completion of DNA replication?
DNA polymerase I
What is the function of topoisomerase IV at the termination of replication?
Catalyzes a breaking and rejoining event
What is a defining characteristic of a relaxed plasmid replication?
It is independent of chromosomal replication
What is one of the functions of the ParMRC system in plasmid segregation?
Carries toxin-antitoxin module for self-maintenance
What type of mutation changes the open-reading frame of a gene?
Frame-shift mutation
Which repair mechanism involves correction of mismatch by DNA polymerase III during DNA replication?
Proofreading
What is tested for mutagen strength in an Ames Test?
Reversion mutation from mutagens
What type of mutations are caused by compounds that interfere with DNA chemistry and are often carcinogens?
Base analog mutations
Who invented the microscope and described the first microbes as fruiting structures of fungi?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What theory was disproved by Francesco Redi's meat/flies experiment?
Spontaneous generation for large organisms
Who sterilized meat broth by boiling but failed to grow microbes by not allowing air access?
Louis Pasteur
What did the Swan-necked flask experiment by Louis Pasteur disprove?
Spontaneous generation for large organisms
What theory proposed that living creatures could arise without parents?
Spontaneous Generations
Which scientist observed 1st single-celled organisms, bacteria, through a microscope?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the primary function of DNA primase in bacterial DNA replication?
Produces RNA primers
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the two strands of DNA during bacterial DNA replication?
DNA helicase
What is the function of RNA primers in DNA replication?
Act as starting points for DNA synthesis
What enzyme removes the RNA primers during the completion of DNA replication?
DNA polymerase I
What is the role of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?
Assists in the alignment of homologous sequences
What is tested for mutagen strength in an Ames Test?
Chemical with unknown mutagen activity
What type of mutations are caused by compounds that interfere with DNA chemistry and are often carcinogens?
Base analogs
What distinguishes Type III secretion systems from Type VI secretion systems?
Function during exchange of foreign DNA
Which protein prevents the expression of SOS genes when not activated?
Specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences
What type of transport system provides energy for final transport?
DNA polymerase III
What is the primary mechanism of gene acquisition in bacteria involving transfer from other species?
Involvement of large needle-like protein complexes
What are genomic islands in bacteria?
The primary function of DNA primase in bacterial DNA replication
What is the main purpose of isolating bacterial colonies and growing them in a pure culture?
To establish clonal populations for further analysis
What is the significance of solid medium using agar in bacterial culture?
It facilitates the growth of pure bacterial cultures
According to Robert Koch's Postulates, what is the requirement for the suspected organism in Postulate #2?
It should be grown in pure culture
What are the limitations mentioned in relation to Koch's Postulates?
Pathogens may not be culturable with known techniques
What hypothetical set of conditions present on Earth approximately 4 billion years ago is described in the text?
Prebiotic Soup
What did the Miller-Urey Experiment aim to simulate?
Chemical and energy conditions of early Earth's 'water cycle'
What does RNA precursor to DNA have in its genome, according to the text?
Catalytic activity
What does the molecular clock contain, according to the text?
Time information in macromolecular sequence
What did Carl Woese discover about prokaryotes based on his analysis of 16S rRNA?
They were distinct form of life compared to eukaryotes
What is essential for producing organic molecules according to the text?
Combination of essential elements
What did Angelina & Walther Hesse discover by using solid medium with agar for bacterial culture?
Allowed for growth of pure bacterial cultures
In which repair mechanism does an endonuclease remove a patch of single-stranded DNA containing damaged bases, including dimers?
Base-excision repair
What is the primary function of the Ku-family protein in double-strand break repair?
Binding to broken ends and fixing the break
What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?
Sealing back together the DNA strands after repair
Which repair mechanism recognizes mismatches missed by proofreading and uses DNA methylation as an indicator for the newer strand?
Methyl mismatch repair
What is the function of RecA (single-strand DNA binding protein) in the context of DNA damage?
Inactivates LexA when DNA is damaged
Which process involves coupling of transcription and translation in prokaryotes?
DNA replication
What is the primary role of RNA polymerase in translation?
Generates RNA from a DNA template
Which molecule strengthens the lipid membrane of bacteria and Archaea?
"Hapanoids"
What distinguishes Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria in terms of cell wall structure?
Presence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cell wall
What is the primary function of the Rho-dependent termination in transcription?
Binding mRNA and moving along it to catch up with RNA polymerase
What characteristic behavior supports the idea that mitochondria were once independent organisms?
Sharing similar DNA characteristics with other organisms
What is one of the shapes commonly observed in bacteria cells?
Formation of a Z-ring in spherical cells
What is the function of the Sec System in bacterial cells?
Transport of unfolded proteins requiring ATP hydrolysis to move out
What is the primary function of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)?
Sugar transport using energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to attach phosphate to sugar during transportation
What type of transport is osmosis an example of?
Passive transport
What is the main role of ABC Transporters in bacterial cells?
Provide energy for final transport via ATP hydrolysis
What is the purpose of the S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?
To protect against pH, viral infection, and extracellular enzymes
What type of transporters are proteins that help polar, charged, and large molecules cross the membrane using a channel?
Facilitated diffusion transporters
Which type of bacterial secretion system involves the movement of proteins out of the cytoplasm?
Sec-independent systems
What is the primary function of the Proton-Motive Force in bacteria?
Promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential
What is the mechanism by which the phosphotransferase system (PTS) use to drive entry during sugar transportation?
[Low] → [High] secondary active transport using another solute gradient
What is the role of the Bacterial Secretion System in bacterial cells?
Movement of proteins out of the cytoplasm
What is the main function of Group Translocation (phosphotransferase system) in bacterial cells?
Sugar transport using energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to attach phosphate to sugar during transportation
What type of transport does simple diffusion represent?
Passive transport - follows gradient, no energy required
What is the primary function of DNA ligase in the context of DNA repair?
Sealing the break in double-strand break repair through non-homologous end joining
What type of recombination requires specific recombination proteins and homologous DNA sequences?
Generalized recombination
Which process involves bacterial cell-to-cell contact through a sex pilus for DNA transfer?
Conjugation
What is the role of RecA in double-strand break repair through recombination?
Finding homology to recipient DNA and invading recipient & donor to homologous stretch of recipient
What is the primary reason the Endosymbiont Theory is controversial?
The implication of polyphyletic over monophyletic
What enhances competence in gram-negative bacteria for DNA uptake during transformation?
CaCl2 & low temperature
What is the function of S-layers in Archaea and many bacteria?
Protecting bacteria and Archaea
Test your knowledge about bacterial DNA replication, including the process of nucleoid replication via replisome complexes and the semiconservative nature of DNA replication. Explore the roles of DNA helicase, single-stranded DNA binding proteins, clamp loader, sliding clamps, and DNA polymerase III in the replication process.
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