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What are the differences in identification of Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Enterococci?
Streptococci form chains and are catalase-negative; Staphylococci form clusters and are catalase-positive; Enterococci form pairs/short chains and are bile-resistant.
What are the types of hemolysis for Streptococci?
What are key virulence factors for Staphylococcus aureus?
Protein A, coagulase, and exotoxins.
What are the main antibiotic treatments for Streptococci vs. Staphylococci infections?
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What are the characteristics of Lactobacilli?
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What type of hemolysis is beta hemolysis?
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A student isolated this bacteria from dental plaque. It is catalase negative, gamma hemolytic, pyr positive, and bile esculin positive. What is the group of bacteria?
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Name five specific genera of the bacteria isolated from dental plaque.
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What is the name of the toxin causative of exfoliative scalding syndrome?
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What is the condition that this toxin causes?
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What bacteria is responsible for the disease Diphtheria?
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What is the main treatment for cutaneous anthrax?
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What is the virulence factor (toxin) that causes the disease associated with Clostridium perfringens?
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What is the name of the toxin responsible for tetanus?
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What is the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?
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What bacteria is responsible for gonorrhea?
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What is the treatment choice for Bordetella pertussis?
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What is the test for Satellitism, including the involved factors?
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Name three toxins of Bordetella pertussis.
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Study Notes
Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Enterococci
- Streptococci are usually identified by their chain formation and are catalase-negative.
- Staphylococci are identified by their cluster formations and are catalase-positive.
- Enterococci appear as pairs or short chains, are bile-resistant, and also catalase-negative.
Hemolysis in Bacteria
- Streptococci can be alpha (partial) hemolytic, beta (complete) hemolytic, or gamma (no) hemolytic.
- Staphylococci are typically beta hemolytic.
Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus
- Protein A, coagulase, and different exotoxins are some key virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus, which contribute to its pathogenesis.
Antibiotic Treatments for Streptococcus and Staphylococcus Infections
- Penicillin is a primary treatment option for infections caused by Streptococci.
- Infections caused by Staphylococci are usually treated with methicillin or vancomycin, especially if the infection is caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Characteristics of Lactobacilli
- Lactobacilli are gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria.
- They are acidogenic, meaning they produce acid.
- Lactobacilli are commonly found in oral flora.
Key Bacteria
- Enterococci are often found in dental plaque. They are catalase-negative, gamma hemolytic, pyr positive, and bile esculin positive.
- Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus milleri, and Streptococcus oralis are common genera found in dental plaque.
Exfoliative Scalding Toxin
- Exfoliative scalding toxin is produced by Staphylococcus aureus. This toxin is responsible for a condition known as scalded skin syndrome where the skin is sloughed off.
Scarlet Fever
- Scarlet fever is characterized by an exanthema rash and is caused by the streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin A.
- This toxin is encoded by a prophage.
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the bacteria that causes diphtheria.
Treatment of Bacillus Anthracis
- Bacillus anthracis infections are treated with penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin.
- A toxoid vaccine is also available to prevent infection.
Clostridium Perfringens (Welchii)
- Alpha toxin is the virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens which causes the disease, gas gangrene.
Tetanus
- Tetanus is caused by tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) from Clostridium tetani.
- The toxin blocks the release of glycine and GABA from neuron terminals, which causes spastic paralysis.
Botulinum Toxin
- Botulinum toxin targets SNARE proteins like synaptobrevin and sequesters acetylcholine vesicles.
- This mechanism ultimately prevents the release of acetylcholine and leads to paralysis.
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacteria that causes gonorrhea.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacteria that can cause wound infections.
Treatment of Pertussis
- Pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by Bordetella pertussis and treated with macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin.
- DTP vaccine is available to prevent infection.
Satellism Test
- The satellism test is used to help identify Staphylococcus aureus. It utilizes X and V factors.
Toxins of Bordetella Pertussis
- Bordetella pertussis produces several toxins including tracheal toxin, pertussis toxin, and dermonecrotic toxin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classifications and characteristics of Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Enterococci. This quiz also covers hemolysis types and antibiotic treatments for related infections. Perfect for microbiology students and enthusiasts!
