Bacterial Cellular Inclusions and Endospores
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Questions and Answers

What is the average size of prokaryotic cells usually measured in?

  • Microns (μm) (correct)
  • Millimeters (mm)
  • Centimeters (cm)
  • Nanometers (nm)

    • Which term is used to describe bacteria that have the ability to change shape?

  • Pleomorphic (correct)
  • Polymorphic
  • Monomorphic
  • Heteromorphic

    • In prokaryotic cells, what is the role of flagella?

  • Storage of genetic material
  • Protein synthesis
  • Movement (correct)
  • Cell division

    • Which type of prokaryotic cell arrangement is described as 'strepto-'?

    <p>Chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes spirilla from spirochetes in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Type of flagella movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a prokaryotic cell is involved in attaching to host tissues?

    <p>Glycocalyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary protein component of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Flagellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a thick, organized layer of polysaccharide or polypeptide external to the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport involves the movement of solutes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bacterial ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cytoplasm inside the plasma membrane?

    <p>80% water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of a bacterial cell contains the bacterial chromosome?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plasmids in bacterial cells?

    <p>Carry non-crucial genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solution has a higher solute concentration compared to the inside of a cell?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure responsible for storing reserve materials in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell?

    <p>Inclusion bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of substances across a membrane with the help of specific proteins?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Lipid A in Gram-Negative Bacteria?

    <p>Functions as a toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component joins Lipid A and O polysaccharide in Gram-Negative Bacteria?

    <p>Core polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do Mycobacterium species use acid-fast stain instead of Gram stain?

    <p>Have a waxy lipid (mycolic acid) in their cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Plasma (Cell) Membrane in bacterial cells?

    <p>Site of ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the peripheral proteins on the membrane surface of bacterial cells?

    <p>Transport molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport involves movement of solutes from high to low concentration without energy input?

    <p>Passive Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Domain Archaea's cell wall from that of Bacteria?

    <p>Lacks peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mycoplasma, which unique characteristic sets it apart from other bacterial genera?

    <p>Lack of cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of metachromatic granules in bacteria?

    <p>Phosphate reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structures are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation?

    <p>Endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Paired chromosomes in a nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for cell-to-cell recognition in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Carbohydrates on the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Complex in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, what is the function of lysosomes?

    <p>Digestive enzymes containment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

    <p>Centrosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?

    <p>Anchors the flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the endoflagella located in spirochetes?

    <p>Internal to the cell and anchored at one end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

    <p>Allow for attachment to surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall?

    <p>Gram-Positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-Negative bacteria cell walls?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Gram-Negative bacteria from Gram-Positive bacteria in terms of their cell walls?

    <p>Thickness of the peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Twitching' motility and DNA transfer are associated with which bacterial structure?

    <p>'Pili'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structure rotates to cause a cell to move in a corkscrew or spiral motion?

    <p>'Endoflagella'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?

    <p>Anchoring the flagellum to the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial cell wall is sensitive to Penicillin?

    <p>Gram-Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Gram-Negative bacteria from Gram-Positive bacteria in terms of their cell walls?

    <p>Outer membrane with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structure is involved in 'twitching' motility and DNA transfer between cells?

    <p>Pili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of bacteria may you find axial filaments that are internal to the cell?

    <p>Spirilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the outer membrane of Gram-Negative bacteria cell walls?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?

    <p>Attachment to surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basal body in bacterial flagella?

    <p>Anchoring the flagellum to the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the O polysaccharide in Gram-Negative Bacteria?

    <p>Functions as an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial genus uses acid-fast stain instead of the Gram stain?

    <p>Mycobacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm located in bacterial cells?

    <p>Deep to the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Genus Mycoplasma from other bacterial genera?

    <p>Lack of cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of transport do solutes move from areas of high concentration to low concentration without energy input?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Integral & transmembrane proteins in the bacterial plasma membrane?

    <p>Penetrates the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Domain Archaea lack in its cell wall?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Lipid A in Gram-Negative Bacteria?

    <p>Functions as a toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structures are primarily responsible for containing the cell's genetic material and are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation?

    <p>Endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotic cells, which component is involved in endospore formation and is known as the 'resting cell state'?

    <p>Endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the prokaryotic cells' ribosomes from those of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Size and composition (70 S vs. 80 S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structures are responsible for enzyme reserves involved in photosynthesis?

    <p>Carboxysomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial cells are characterized by having one circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane and containing peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle in eukaryotic cells is associated with ATP production through cellular respiration?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Attaches to host tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structure is made of flagellin proteins and helps in distinguishing different subspecies/strains of bacteria?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes spirilla from spirochetes in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Shape and how they move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe a prokaryotic cell arrangement consisting of groups of four cells?

    <p>Tetrads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the flagellum in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Propelling the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glycocalyx is thin, unorganized, and loosely attached to the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Slime layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the substance inside the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>80% water plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, &amp; ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes plasmids from the bacterial chromosome in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Plasmids carry non-crucial genes for adaptability and survival, while the bacterial chromosome contains essential genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inclusion bodies in prokaryotic cells primarily responsible for?

    <p>Storing reserve materials in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Consist of large and small subunits for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>It is a nucleus-like region that houses the bacterial chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasmids play in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Carry non-crucial genes important for adaptability and survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion in passive transport processes?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion utilizes carrier proteins to move substances across membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes structures that store reserve materials in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>(Inclusion) Bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a Capsule from a Slime Layer in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Capsules are tightly attached to the cell wall and thicker than slime layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Spirilla from Spirochetes in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Spirilla are longer and thicker cells compared to spirochetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of bacteria described by the term 'strepto-'?

    <p>Chains of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a bacterial cell helps distinguish among different subspecies/strains based on 'H antigens'?

    <p>Flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotic cells, what is the primary function of glycocalyces?

    <p>Assist in attachment and evasion of host defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial arrangement is described by the term 'diplo-'?

    <p>Pairs of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of flagella that aids in distinguishing between different bacterial subspecies/strains?

    <p>'H' antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement mechanism do Spirochetes use to move within their environment?

    <p>Endoflagellum rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the movement of solutes in active transport from passive transport?

    <p>Energy requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structure is primarily responsible for storing reserve materials in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Inclusion bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasmids in bacterial cells?

    <p>Antibiotic resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component makes up 80% of the substance inside the bacterial plasma membrane?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes nucleoids from plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Composition of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes bacterial ribosomes?

    <p>'70 S' classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures the genetic material in prokaryotic cells is resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation?

    <p>'Nucleus-like' region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    '70 S' ribosomes in prokaryotic cells consist of how many subunits?

    <p>Two subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?

    <p>Attachment to surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a thin peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall?

    <p>Gram-Negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Gram-Negative cells from Gram-Positive cells in terms of their outer membrane?

    <p>Presence of LPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the outer membrane of Gram-Negative bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the endoflagella located in spirochetes?

    <p>Internal to the cell and anchored at both ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?

    <p>Anchors the flagellum to the basal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Gram-Positive bacterial cell walls?

    <p>'No outer membrane' feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of Lipid A in Gram-Negative Bacteria?

    <p>'Endotoxin' component of LPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Carboxysomes from Metachromatic granules and Lipid inclusions in bacterial cells?

    <p>Contain enzyme reserves involved in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets Eukaryotic cells apart from Prokaryotic cells in terms of their genetic material?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have paired chromosomes in a nuclear membrane, while Prokaryotic cells have one circular chromosome not in a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins from the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Golgi Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of bacteria are 30 Endospores a specialized 'resting' form of the cells and can be produced when nutrients are depleted?

    <p>Genus Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Eukaryotic cell walls provides structure and protection to the cell and is made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi?

    <p>Cell Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Chloroplasts in Eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Locations for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of Prokaryotes compared to Eukaryotes regarding their ribosomes?

    <p>Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes while Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure and function of Mitochondria in Eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Involved in cellular respiration and ATP production through aerobic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Core polysaccharide in Gram-Negative Bacteria?

    <p>Joins Lipid A &amp; O polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial genus lacks cell walls?

    <p>Mycoplasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Plasma Membrane in bacterial cells?

    <p>Selective permeability for transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the cell walls of Mycobacterium from other bacteria?

    <p>'Bound' waxy lipid layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bacterial cells, what is the main function of Integral & transmembrane proteins on the Plasma Membrane?

    <p>Selective permeability for transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Genus Mycoplasma's cell walls from other bacterial genera?

    <p>Peptidoglycan composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain lacks peptidoglycan in its cell wall?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Selective permeability' refers to which property of the Plasma Membrane regarding transport?

    <p>Allows passage of some molecules, not others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Prokaryotic cells are typically measured in microns, with an average size of around 2.0 μm in diameter and 8 μm in length.
    • The majority of bacteria have a monomorphic shape, but some can be pleomorphic.
    • The shapes of typical prokaryotic cells include coccus, bacillus (including coccobacillus), and spiral forms such as vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete.
    • Spirilla are rigid, short/thick, loosely-coiled cells that move via flagella, while spirochetes are flexible, longer/thin, tightly-coiled cells that move via endoflagella.
    • Prokaryotic cells can arrange in pairs (diplococci, diplobacilli), clusters (staphylococci), chains (streptococci, streptobacilli), groups of four (tetrads), or cube-like groups of eight (sarcinae).
    • The glycocalyx of prokaryotic cells may or may not be present, with two types: capsule (thick, organized, tightly attached to the cell wall) and slime layer (thin, unorganized, loosely attached to the cell wall).
    • Flagella in prokaryotic cells are filamentous appendages made of flagellin proteins, allowing for movement and serving as antigens to distinguish different subspecies/strains of bacteria.

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    Chapter 4 Lecture Outline-1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various cellular inclusions found in bacteria such as metachromatic granules, polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, and carboxysomes. Learn about the formation, characteristics, and functions of endospores produced by Genus Bacillus and Genus Clostridium.

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