Bacterial Cells and Energy Sources Quiz

Bacterial cells have common structures like an outer membrane, inner plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, and peptidoglycans.

E. coli bacteria is about 2 micrometers long and slightly less than 1 micrometer in diameter.

Bacteria use two main energy sources: phototrophs using sunlight and chemotrophs using oxidation.

Bacteria that capture and use sunlight for energy.

Bacteria that derive energy from oxidation (chemical reactions).

Smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis.

Contains a single, simple, circular DNA molecule.

Layer of polymers between inner and outer membranes of some bacteria, providing shape and rigidity.

A technique separating organelles based on their density. A density gradient is created using a solution (like sucrose) whose density increases from top to bottom. Organelles are layered on top and centrifuged until their density matches a specific point in the gradient, allowing for separation.

A solution with a gradually increasing density from top to bottom. Used in isopycnic centrifugation to separate organelles based on their buoyant densities.

The density at which an organelle will float in a density gradient. It's the density that matches the surrounding solution, causing the organelle to stop sedimenting.

A solution with a density gradient is created. Organelles are layered on top. Centrifugation forces organelles to move down until their density matches a point in the gradient. Each layer can be collected separately.

Used to separate organelles based on their density. Helps in analyzing and studying individual organelles and their functions.

Living organisms possess unique features like a high degree of chemical complexity, organized microscopic structures, systems for energy extraction and utilization, and the ability to self-replicate and evolve.

The intricate internal structures of cells are composed of thousands of different molecules, each with its own unique structure and function.

Living organisms have systems to extract, transform, and use energy from their environment, allowing them to sustain their complex structures and perform work.

The universe began as a hot, energy-rich explosion, forming the simplest elements (hydrogen and helium). Stars exploded, creating more complex elements.

Living organisms are made up of a vast array of different molecules, each with a specific three-dimensional structure and role in the cell.

Organisms have the ability to create copies of themselves, passing on their genetic material to their offspring.

The process through which organisms change over time, adapting to their environment and developing new traits.

Despite complex qualities, organisms retain traces of their simpler evolutionary origins.

Most elements in living things have low atomic numbers because they are the lightest capable of forming bonds. This allows for stable compounds essential for life.

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Carbon (C) make up over 99% of the mass of most cells. They are critical for forming bonds and molecules necessary for life.

Large structures formed by noncovalent interactions between molecules. These complexes are essential for cellular function and are often visible using a light microscope.

When you remove molecules from these complexes to study them in a lab, important interactions that occur in living cells may be lost.

Cytoskeletal elements, like railroad tracks, help move cellular organelles throughout the cell, ensuring proper organization and function.

Supramolecular complexes form a hierarchy, with smaller units assembling into larger structures, creating a complex system within the cell.

Hydrogen (H) forms one bond, Oxygen (O) forms two, Nitrogen (N) forms three, and Carbon (C) forms four bonds. These different bonding capacities allow for the formation of a vast array of molecules essential for life.

Light elements have a lower number of electrons and protons, making them more likely to form stable bonds and participate in chemical reactions necessary for life's processes.

Living organisms maintain order and complexity, defying the natural tendency for systems to become more disordered (increase entropy). Life requires constant input of energy to maintain its organized state.

The components of living organisms interact in a dynamic way. Changes in one molecule affect others, leading to complex, coordinated responses.

The collection of molecules in a living organism carries out a program. This program dictates how the organism functions, replicates, and survives.

Organisms evolve by changing their inherited life strategies to adapt to new environments and survive.

The ultimate goal of the life's program is self-perpetuation, which means the organism is able to reproduce and pass on its genetic instructions to future generations.

Life is characterized by a high degree of organization, complexity, and the ability to self-replicate. This is in contrast to non-living matter which tends towards disorder.

The history of life is characterized by evolutionary change, where organisms adapt to changing environments through gradual modifications over time.

Survival: Organisms evolve by changing their inherited life strategies to adapt to new environments and survive. Those best suited to their environment are more likely to reproduce and pass on their traits.

Studying molecules in a controlled environment (test tube) is called "in vitro." Studying the same molecules within a living organism is called "in vivo." These conditions are different and their effects on molecule interaction must be considered.

Some enzymes work together in groups called multienzyme complexes. These complexes help transfer reactants between enzymes without them entering the surrounding solution, ensuring a smooth reaction process.

The energy needed to break a chemical bond is called the bond dissociation energy. The stronger the bond, the more energy it takes to break it.

Single bonds share one pair of electrons, double bonds share two pairs, and triple bonds share three pairs. The more electron pairs shared, the stronger the bond.

Stronger bonds require more energy to break, making them more stable and less likely to break apart. This stability is crucial for molecules and biological structures.

Double bonds share two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger bond than a single bond with only one pair of electrons.

The 'in vivo' environment within a living organism is more complex and crowded. It has many different molecules interacting, which is not present in the isolated 'in vitro' setting.

While useful, in vitro studies may not fully capture the true behavior of molecules in a living system due to the absence of other interacting molecules.