Bacillus anthracis Sample Collection Techniques
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Unclotted blood from nasal, buccal or anal orifice may be collected from a carcass that is ______ days old.

1 to 2

For old putrefying carcasses, selection of ______ or any blood stained material may be collected.

tissues

Soil or other material from ______ site may be collected if the specimen is buried.

burial

Routine blood culture methods are sufficient for ______ specimens.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacillus anthracis appears as short chains of ______ cells which are encapsulated.

<p>2-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultures should be incubated at ______° C under ambient conditions.

<p>35-37</p> Signup and view all the answers

100% mortality within 24 hours in mice indicates the presence of ______.

<p>B.anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

PCR is one of the ______ methods used for confirming the presence of Bacillus anthracis.

<p>molecular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brucellosis is a disease widely prevalent in all countries of the world and is a serious problem facing the Veterinary and Medical professions, especially in ______.

<p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

The natural reservoirs for the Brucella bacteria include cattle (Brucella abortus), goats (Brucella melitensis), and ______ (Brucella suis).

<p>swine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each year about a half million cases of brucellosis occur around the world, according to the ______ reference.

<p>WHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

The US biological warfare program focused on three agents of the Brucella group: Porcine Brucellosis (agent US), Bovine Brucellosis (agent AB), and ______ Brucellosis (agent AM).

<p>Caprine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serious losses in animals due to brucellosis can include abortions, stillbirths, premature birth of weaklings, infertility, and loss of ______ and milk.

<p>meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

The modes of transmission of brucellosis to humans include ingestion, contact, ______, and accidental inoculation.

<p>inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infection by ingestion of brucellosis may occur via the gastrointestinal tract or by penetration through the mucous membrane of the ______.

<p>throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brucellosis can lead to permanent sterility in ______, among other socio-economic impacts.

<p>males</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brucellae have occasionally been isolated from ______, placenta, mother’s milk, and vaginal discharges.

<p>sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high or rising agglutination titre is presumptive evidence of ______ infection.

<p>brucella</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low titres are quite significant when the 2-mercaptoethanol tests show the presence of ______ immunoglobulin.

<p>7S</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ test should be used in the diagnosis of both acute and chronic brucellosis.

<p>Complement Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Coombs’ test is important for the detection of ______ cases.

<p>chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passive (indirect) haemagglutination test can be used to diagnose ______.

<p>brucellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholera induced agglutinins for brucella can be differentiated by the agglutinin-______ test.

<p>absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

When antibiotics are freely used in febrile conditions, positive diagnosis by blood culture is less frequently ______.

<p>possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

The South-east Asia region countries carry ______% of the global burden of tuberculosis.

<p>38</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DOTS strategy stands for Directly Observed Treatment, ______-course.

<p>Short</p> Signup and view all the answers

India globally ranks first in ______.

<p>tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The emergence of ______-drug resistant strains of TB poses an additional threat.

<p>multidrug</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factors influencing the incidence of TB include poor healthcare, ______, and malnutrition.

<p>socioeconomic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

India falls under the ______-TB zone.

<p>MDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is estimated that ______% of the current global population is infected asymptomatically with tuberculosis.

<p>one-third</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lack of ______ and awareness can contribute to the spread of tuberculosis.

<p>education</p> Signup and view all the answers

The indirect immunofluorescence test is a specific, rapid, and sensitive method of detecting antibodies in human ______.

<p>sera</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive intradermal test normally indicates a state of specific allergy for ______.

<p>brucellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive intradermal test can result in a rise in ______ when certain skin-test allergens are used.

<p>agglutinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chronic brucellosis, a positive intradermal test may be the only objective indicator of ______.

<p>infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

In areas with a low incidence of endemic brucellosis, a positive reaction may have important ______.

<p>significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of brucellosis, the acute and subacute forms must be considered separately from the ______ form of the disease.

<p>chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Therapy of chronic brucellosis may include treatment with ______ and even surgical intervention.

<p>antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physiotherapy may be a useful ______ to treatment for brucellosis.

<p>adjunct</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bacillus anthracis Sample Collection and Isolation

  • Carcass samples (1-2 days old): Collect unclotted blood from nasal, buccal, or anal orifices; if opened, collect body fluids, spleen, and/or unclotted blood.

  • Older carcasses: Collect tissues or blood-stained material; if opened, collect body fluids and spleen.

  • Buried carcasses: Collect soil or material from the burial site.

  • Sputum specimens: Inoculate onto SBA, MacConkey agar, and broth enrichment media.

  • Blood specimens: Use routine blood culture methods. Gram stain may reveal short chains (2-4 cells) of encapsulated, gram-positive rods, strongly suggestive of B. anthracis. Positive blood cultures should be Gram stained and subcultured to SBA and MacConkey agar.

  • Swab specimens: Inoculate one swab onto SBA, MacConkey agar, or broth enrichment; prepare a Gram stain from a second swab.

  • Stool specimens: Use routine stool culture methods (SBA, MacConkey agar, or PEA plates); avoid CVA or hectone agar.

  • CSF specimens: Centrifuge at 1500 x g for 15 minutes, Gram stain the sediment, and inoculate the remaining sediment onto SBA and broth enrichment media.

  • Incubate cultures at 35-37°C; examine within 18-24 hours (growth may appear as early as 8 hours).

Bacillus anthracis Confirmation

  • Animal pathogenicity: Inject 5-10 mice intraperitoneally with a culture suspension. 100% mortality within 24 hours is indicative of B. anthracis. If no mortality occurs, observe for 10 days. Process spleens from dead mice to detect B. anthracis.
  • Molecular methods: Direct PCR.

Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Socioeconomic Impact

  • Globally prevalent; a serious veterinary and medical problem.

  • High prevalence in India.

  • Human brucellosis from B. canis (dogs) is uncommon, often from contact with aborting bitches.

  • Approximately half a million cases worldwide annually (WHO, 1975).

  • Eradicated from several countries including Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Australia, Hungary, the former Czechoslovakia, Rumania, and Bulgaria.

  • Swine brucellosis is less prevalent in Muslim countries due to religious restrictions on pig farming.

  • Natural reservoirs: cattle (Brucella abortus), goats (Brucella melitensis), and swine (Brucella suis).

  • Socioeconomic impact: Biological warfare potential (U.S. program used porcine, bovine, and caprine strains); permanent male sterility; monetary losses; reduced international trade; loss of man-hours/days; abortions in animals and humans.

Brucellosis: Transmission and Serological Tests

  • Transmission: Ingestion, contact, inhalation, accidental inoculation. Brucellae may be found in lymph nodes, CSF, urine, abscesses, sputum, placenta, mother's milk, vaginal discharges, and seminal fluid.

  • Serological tests: Should be repeated if initial results are suspicious or negative.

    • Serum agglutination test: Positive results indicate active infection; high titres usually indicate infection, but low titres do not exclude it. Low titres are significant with presence of 7S immunoglobulin. Cross-reactivity with cholera and tularaemia, but distinguishable via agglutinin-absorption test and 2-mercaptoethanol treatment.
    • Complement fixation test: Used for acute and chronic brucellosis diagnosis.
    • Coombs’ test: Detects chronic cases; useful for epidemiological surveys and when serum agglutination is negative.
    • Passive (indirect) haemagglutination test: Specific and more sensitive than agglutination.
    • Indirect immunofluorescence test: Specific, rapid, sensitive; used in qualified labs.
    • Buffered Brucella antigen test (card, Rose Bengal): Shows potential value, needs further evaluation.
    • Intradermal test: Indicates specific allergy; useful in chronic brucellosis when other tests are negative, in low-incidence areas, and in epidemiological surveys (consider vaccination status).

Brucellosis: Treatment

  • Acute and subacute brucellosis: Clinical improvement within a week, absence of Brucella from blood/tissues, reduced complications/relapses, and antibody titre drop indicate effective therapy.
  • Chronic brucellosis: Antibiotics, surgical intervention, and desensitization may be necessary; physiotherapy may be helpful.

Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Control

  • Higher incidence in low-income countries.

  • South-east Asia carries 38% of the global burden, with 3 million new cases and 0.6 million deaths annually.

  • Rising HIV infection and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) pose threats.

  • Influencing factors: Inadequate healthcare; low socioeconomic status; malnutrition; high population density; occupational exposure; poor hygiene; lack of education/awareness; other diseases (HIV/AIDS, diabetes); close confinement.

  • DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) strategy: Cost-effective approach to control TB; ensures cure.

  • DOTS categorization of countries: 0 (no WHO reporting); 1 (no DOTS, case rate >10/100,000); 2 (pilot phase, DOTS implementation, 10% population coverage); 3 (expansion phase, 10-90% coverage); 4 (routine implementation, >90% coverage); 5 (low incidence, no DOTS, <10 cases/100,000).

  • As of 2002: 180 countries implemented DOTS (69% of the world's population).

  • India: Globally ranks first in tuberculosis; one-third of the global population is asymptomatically infected; falls under MDR-TB zone; significant public health problem.

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Description

This quiz covers the various methods for collecting and isolating samples relevant to Bacillus anthracis. It includes guidelines for handling carcass samples, sputum, blood, swab, stool, and CSF specimens, emphasizing proper techniques and media used for laboratory analysis. Test your knowledge on the best practices for clinical sample collection.

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