Untitled

• The chapter covers the formative years from the end of the 19th century to the end of WWII and includes guiding questions about Arab reactions to Jewish immigration, the impact of World War I, British actions in Mandatory Palestine, and the Holocaust's effect on perceptions of Zionism.

The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire was declining in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Arab nationalism emerged in response to Ottoman rule and European influence.
• After World War I, the empire collapsed and its territories were divided under British and French mandates, including Palestine, which came under British control.
• The empire's fall led to competing national movements, including Arab nationalism and Zionism.

Hussein-McMahon Correspondence (1915-1916)

• During World War I, the United Kingdom agreed to recognize Arab independence in a large region in exchange for Arab support against the Ottoman Empire.
• The correspondence did not specify the boundaries of the Arab territory, especially regarding Palestine

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)

• Signed by the foreign secretaries of France and Britain, the Sykes-Picot Agreement decided that Palestine would be under British influence.

Balfour Declaration (1917)

• Britain publicly declared in 1917 the Balfour Declaration stating the Jews should have a home in Palestine.

Approval of Agreements (1920)

• The League of Nations approved both the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Balfour Declaration in 1920.

The Arab Revolt of 1936-1939

• Hitler's rise to power in 1936 resulted in increased Jewish emigration to Palestine and a major Arab rebellion.
• The local Arab population demanded independence from Britain and an end to British support of Zionist efforts.
• Palestinian attacks against Jewish civilians and British soldiers were met with British measures to suppress the violence, resulting in approximately 5,000 Arab, 415 Jewish, and 101 British deaths.
• Started as a strike but turned violent, with most casualties among the Palestinians themselves.

Peel Commission

• Resulting from the Arab Revolt, the British established a Royal Commission, chaired by Lord Robert Peel, to examine their strategy in Palestine.
• The commission recommended partitioning Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab, in July 1937.
• It was suggested to transfer populations to ensure homogenous states, directly affecting Palestinian and Jewish lives by forcing them to move.
• The Arabs would receive 80% of the land, while the Jewish state would receive 20%.

The Haganah and Organizations

• Jews created semi-legal self-defense organizations such as Hashomer in 1909 and Haganah in 1920.

Jewish Immigration Waves

• Zionism led to five waves of Jewish immigration to Palestine, increasing the Jewish population from roughly 80,000 in 1922 to 600,000 in 1946.
• Jewish-Arab violence began in Nebi-Mussa in 1920, with Arabs initiating subsequent clashes due to Jewish immigration.

Haj Amin Al-Husseini

• Haj Amin Al-Husseini led the Arab Revolt in 1936.
• After the British closed down the Arab High Committee, he fled to Syria, then Iraq, and later Europe. Al-Husseini established the Arab Higher Committee.

Chaim Weizmann and Emir Faisal Hussein Bin Ali

• Chaim Weizmann assisted Great Britain's war efforts, by donating his chemical developments and patents to the British Military.
• In 1919, Emir Faisal Hussein Bin Ali secretly agreed to exclude Palestine from a greater Arab state, keeping Muslim holy sites under their control.
• Emir Faisal publicly opposed Jewish immigration, despite initial agreements allowing it in exchange for Zionist support in building an Arab state.

1929 Riots

• The 1929 riots broke out in Palestine due to tensions over Jewish prayers at the Western Wall.
• Arab mobs attacked Jewish communities in Hebron, Safed, and Jerusalem, resulting in 133 Jewish and 116 Arab deaths, plus more.
• The British evacuated Jewish communities of Hebron and Gaza and after the Shaw Commission was set up to investigate the riots concluded that Arab fears of Jewish immigration were a factor in them.

1930 White Paper

• Following the Shaw Commission's findings, the British government issued the Hope Simpson Report and the Passfield White Paper in 1930.
• These documents recommended limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine and restricting land sales to Jews.
• Zionist leaders were angered and saw the policy shift as a betrayal of British commitments under the Balfour Declaration.

1939 MacDonald White Paper

• The 1939 MacDonald White Paper aimed to resolve the Jewish-Arab conflict by proposing a unitary Palestinian state with both Jews and Arabs within ten years.
• It restricted Jewish immigration to 10,000 per year for five years, plus 25,000 refugees, and it banned land transfers from Arabs to Jews in most of Palestine.
• The Zionist movement and the Arab Higher Committee rejected the White Paper although some Arab parties supported it.

Sheik Izz a-Din al-Qassam

• Declared Jihad against British and Zionists in 1935, challenging the traditional national leadership in Palestine and claimed the mandate is the root of all evil.
• The "cause" for Jihad was in the name of Islam, not Palestinian nationalism.
• Al-Qassam's ideas remained influential, but the leadership of Jihad changed after he was shot by British police subsequent to killing an officer.

Difference in Narratives

• Jewish perspective: The British "betrayed" Jews by promising land but hindering self-defense and immigration during the Holocaust.
• Palestinian perspective: The British promised Hussein the Greater Syria Plan but favored Jews through the Balfour Declaration, seeking compromise while deceiving both parties.

Aftermath of WWII

• The Holocaust led to international sympathy towards the Jewish people, bolstering the push to demand a state.
• The decline of Great Britain and the rise of the U.S. increased Middle Eastern importance due to its oil resources.
• The UN became an important international tool to step into the conflict by 1947.
• Newly independent states included Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.
• The international community dealt with displaced persons (250K Jewish people from Austria, Germany, Italy), leading Truman to approach British government.

Anglo American Committee & Mirison-Grady Plan 1946

• Two steps that try to solve the DP problem.
• This committee recommends to cancel the 1939 white paper, to allow 100K Jewish DP to immigrate to Palestine, and divide Palestine into 3 states with the Jewish one being only 20%
• All proposals were rejected leading to the effort failing eventually .

UNSCOP

• Britain returns the mandate and the UN creates the United Nations Special Commitee of Palestine (UNSCOP).

Strategic Decisions of the Jewish Side prior to 1948

• Political demand for sovereignty (The Biltmore Program 1942).
• Military struggle for immigration and settlement (Jewish Revolt 1945-1946).
• Force building of military power against Arab countries (1947).
• Defensive position and societal unity, plus organized recruitment, a military organization, and the development of a defense plan (Plan Gimel).

Strategic Decisions of the Arab Side prior to 1948

• Formation of an Arab coalition and a joint military command to destroy the Jewish state and expel Jews from Palestine.
• Prevent land division by providing for the Palestinian community.
• Organize: Form Arab Liberation Army/Holy Jihad and plan the invasion campaign.

November 29, 1947 - Resolution 181

• Partition of Palestine where the Jews accept and Arabs reject, causing intercommunal war. The Arab Liberation Army infiltrates Palestine.

War of 1948

• Intercommunal war: November 30, 1947 to May 14, 1948
• Total war: May 15, 1948 to July 20, 1949

Stage I of the war: Plan D

• The Deir Yassin Massacre, a Jewish massacre left 130 dead.
• The Jews capture most of the territory allocated to them in the Resolution 181

Plan D's objective and method

• To Take Control of the Territory of the Hebrew State, defend its borders and the settled blocs and Hebrew population outside the borders.
• Villages that could not be controlled permanently must all get destroyed.

Stage II of the War

• The five Arab armies invade (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq) once the British mandate ends.

Invasion - May 15 to June 11

• The agreed-upon plan had the armies start with Haifa and then Tel Aviv.
• The actual action was different from the plan, with each country pursuing its own needs. For example, Egyptian army stopped at Ashdod and deviated into Jerusalem and the Iraqi's never entered to begin with.

Israel After the War

• Israel signed agreements with all countries except for Iraq. The war led to Israeli independence and unity.
• UN saw the results of the war as a temporary state. There were 710K Palestinian refugees.
• Refugees wishing should return to their homes; the UNRWA is created.

Nakba definition

• Displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians which shows the feelings and resentment of Palestinans towards Israel.

Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Suez Canal

• Originally a military officer who led the Free Officers Movement that overthrew King Farouk in 1952.
• Emerged as Egypt's actual leader in 1954, though initially Muhammad Naguib was the figurehead president
• Officially became president in 1956
• Nasser sought to remove British control over the Suez Canal and British finally agreed to withdraw from the Suez base.

Escalation in the Relationship with Egypt

• Israel wanted British to continue to control the Suez canal, leading to an escalation in the relationship with Egypt:
• Israel's failed attempt to create a “terror attack” against British and American targets in Egypt in the Lavon Affair (עסק הביש).
• Israel tries to see if Israeli ships will be able to go through the canal in the Bat Galim ship.
• Israeli forces led the Gaza raid in response to Fedayeen attacks, resulting in 39 Egyptian casualties

Fedayeen

• Egyptian-backed guerrilla fighters who operated from the Gaza Strip and were supported by Nasser's government to pressure Israel.
• Attacks on Israeli targets led to the 1956 Suez Crisis
• These attacks lead Israel, Britian and France to attack Egypt.

Czech-Egyptian Arms Deal

• The US, GB and France issued the Tripartite Declaration: in order to stabilize the Middle East and keep it “balanced”, they will not sell arms to them.
• The Soviet reached out to Nasser and promised him advanced weapons through Czechoslovakia, and Nasser signed the deal.

Protocol of Sevres

• A secret agreement made where Britian, France, and Israel will coordinate their attack on Egypt.
• It Ultimately failed due to the strong pressure of from the U.S., Soviet threats, and international condemnation, declining British and French.

Operation Kadesh and Israel's withdrawal from Sinai and Gaza, 1957

• Under Sharon's command, paratroopers capture 3 military bases. The Brits issue the ultimatum and the Brits/French destroy Egypt's airforce.

The Aftermath

• International pressure forced the European's withdrawal where the UK economy and its government collapsed. Israel will withdraw from Gaza and Sinai with a UN Sinai force present and Israelis being able to traverse through the canal.

David Ben Gurion

• The general secretary of the Zionist Labor Federation from 1921-1935. chairman of the Jewish agency from 1935-1948.
• Ben-Gurion declared Israeli independence, led the state through the 1948 War, and influenced the partition plan.

The Eisenhower Doctrine

• In 1950, the US, GB and France issued the Tripartite Declaration to stabilize the Middle East and keep it “balanced.”
• The UK and other counties formed the CENTO (Baghdad pact) to secure against Soviet Aggression. The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957 states that the U.S. will send troops to assist countries in the Middle East threatened by Communism.

Narratives - Israel

• There is a sense of international and regional isolation that the territory has no strategic depth being one little country that is surrounded by Arab countries.
• The military doctrine consists of lightning and preemptive wars, meaning that they will take the wars into the enemies territories.
• The free passage in Suez and Tiran are ensured, the fedayeen attacks were gone, along while the international isolation disappears.

Narratives - Palestinian

• Palestinians were removed from conflict with Israel taken over by Arab states and have a sense of helplessness.
• Fedayeen and keeping the refugee alive act as a resistance. They support for Nasser, and want to see the WB annexed.

The 1967 Six-Day War

• The war is affected by the cold war with 1963, with a national water carrier being placed. The Syrians and Palestinians supported the terrors.

Events Leading to the War

• The false alert by Soviets and closing of the Straits lead to the forces invading. The US and UK back Israel and the USSR backs Egypt.
• It started when the IAF attacks runways, then planes, in Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, smooth the ground forces

The Aftermath

• Israel tripled in size and was in charge of 1.5M Palestinians after. with Arab leaders agreeing to
• The Security Council had a resolution, but not the Palestinans. It included not recognizing all the territories and there is to the acknowledge of territory, which the Arabs fail to recognize

Israeli Settlements

• Israeli settlement began after the war at Gosh Etzion and Hebron. The Settlement grew because land and the government authorized the buildings.

Fatah

• Fatah were established by youth as the Arab leaders. They initiated a state in Israel, with. Arafat taking over in 1969 with the PLO.

Nasser and Eshkol

• Nasser's forces escalted the 1967 even escalting tensions with Syria, while Eshkol steered the country during the complicated threat.

King Hussein

• Hussein attempted to use channels, but the military and provocations changed this.

"Naksa" Meaning

• The Arab leaders reframed a total collapse into a temporary setback after the 1967 war.

Narrative - Israeli

• isolated in the war. Therefore it was forced, proving uncomprimising as the Arab could through, meaning that it has a peace that requires defense.

Narrative - Palestine

• Narrative: Israel illegetimate as they are seen as a extention colonizers. the Palestininan lack self rule to the west.

The Allon Plan (October 1967)

• Israeli settlement activities during this period were guided by the Allon Plan, a plan that proposes to give the Arab populated areas in the West Bank to Jordan, retain the Jordanian Valley to Israeli control, and allow to form settlements in areas exempted with activity with the Alon.

Three Main Phases of The War of Attrition

• Egyptian Sporadic bombing where raids take place, there is Air domanance where bombs lead to Port Aid evacuating, and there is a soviet bombing where they invade the the Americans, leading us into

The Rogers Plan (June 1970)

• The US promises the Israel that it wont take from any all the territories, need withdraw any troops until an agreement is reach, and won't “accept” ALL the refugees.

Black September

• a base as Jordan's King Hussein will be under attack. Jordan is a launching pad, the Heshimaters is know as a black day.

Yasser Arafat Background

• The leader of the Liberation Organization, the Palestinian liberation, and the first president who orchestrated the Provisional.

Anwar Saddat

• President will cease fire is would Sinal is removed and will reopen the canal.

Yom Kippur War (Oct 1973 War)

• The Syrians attack and the second phase is pushed back. They impose oil Western on the countries while the ISF troops are pushed bad.
• Kissinger visited but lead to the US after the Egyptian conference and they made a repsonse along with the 338 which was also adopted.

Key Aspects After the War

• The US had the Eygpt Agreement. They could not recognize unless it in defense

Settlements

• There would will made to prevent unless a peace agreemtn. with Palesitina losing a sence of reilance,

Jordanian

• Sees the PLO as a threa
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Camp David Accords (1978)

• The Camp David Accords were signed in 1978 with Begin, Carter. The disengagements signed in 1974-1975 were developments. In 1977 where Arafat recognized 3338.

Sadat Saying

• Said would “go to the end of the universe” to end the conflict. In September it was declared that there would be a 2 state.

The Flahd Plan (Saudi Arabia)

• To see that there that the area. that there are a lot more states that are a good of a solution.
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First Lebanon War (1982)

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The Amman Accords and Reagan Plan

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Osiraq Bombings

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