Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is formed when the roots of the brachial plexus come together?
What is formed when the roots of the brachial plexus come together?
What do the anterior divisions of the trunks in the brachial plexus primarily supply?
What do the anterior divisions of the trunks in the brachial plexus primarily supply?
What is the primary function of cutaneous nerves in the brachial plexus?
What is the primary function of cutaneous nerves in the brachial plexus?
Which of the following correctly describes dermatome?
Which of the following correctly describes dermatome?
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What forms the lateral cord in the brachial plexus?
What forms the lateral cord in the brachial plexus?
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Which muscles make up the anterior wall of the axilla?
Which muscles make up the anterior wall of the axilla?
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Which part of the brachial plexus divides into anterior and posterior divisions?
Which part of the brachial plexus divides into anterior and posterior divisions?
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What defines the apex of the axilla?
What defines the apex of the axilla?
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What is the term used for the grouping of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates?
What is the term used for the grouping of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates?
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Where do the cords of the brachial plexus form?
Where do the cords of the brachial plexus form?
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Which statement about the location of the scaphoid bone is correct?
Which statement about the location of the scaphoid bone is correct?
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Which muscle contributes to the posterior wall of the axilla?
Which muscle contributes to the posterior wall of the axilla?
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Identify the structure that serves as the passageway for vessels and nerves to and from the upper limb.
Identify the structure that serves as the passageway for vessels and nerves to and from the upper limb.
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Which type of space does the axilla represent?
Which type of space does the axilla represent?
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Which wall of the axilla is formed by the intercostal space?
Which wall of the axilla is formed by the intercostal space?
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What does the term 'lateral' refer to in the context of anatomical positioning?
What does the term 'lateral' refer to in the context of anatomical positioning?
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Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?
Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?
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What are the two divisions into which each trunk of the brachial plexus divides?
What are the two divisions into which each trunk of the brachial plexus divides?
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What is the role of the brachial plexus?
What is the role of the brachial plexus?
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Where is the brachial plexus located?
Where is the brachial plexus located?
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Which anatomical structure is involved in the formation of the medial cord?
Which anatomical structure is involved in the formation of the medial cord?
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What structure does the posterior cord of the brachial plexus form from?
What structure does the posterior cord of the brachial plexus form from?
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The anterior division of the upper trunk includes which spinal nerves?
The anterior division of the upper trunk includes which spinal nerves?
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Which position is associated with upper limb injury resulting in sensory loss to the lateral side of the arm?
Which position is associated with upper limb injury resulting in sensory loss to the lateral side of the arm?
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What is the primary cause of Klumpke’s palsy?
What is the primary cause of Klumpke’s palsy?
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Which of the following describes the motor loss associated with a C8 and T1 lesion?
Which of the following describes the motor loss associated with a C8 and T1 lesion?
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Which of the following areas would experience sensory loss due to a lesion affecting C8 and T1?
Which of the following areas would experience sensory loss due to a lesion affecting C8 and T1?
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Erb-Duchenne palsy is mainly caused by what type of event?
Erb-Duchenne palsy is mainly caused by what type of event?
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Which specific muscles are primarily weak in an individual suffering from Klumpke’s palsy?
Which specific muscles are primarily weak in an individual suffering from Klumpke’s palsy?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a trunk lesion in the brachial plexus?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a trunk lesion in the brachial plexus?
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What is the hallmark sign of Erb-Duchenne palsy?
What is the hallmark sign of Erb-Duchenne palsy?
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Which nerve does NOT provide motor function to the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Which nerve does NOT provide motor function to the flexor carpi ulnaris?
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What is the main function of the median nerve?
What is the main function of the median nerve?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the median nerve?
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the median nerve?
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Where does the ulnar nerve primarily run?
Where does the ulnar nerve primarily run?
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What sensory input does the median nerve provide?
What sensory input does the median nerve provide?
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Which of these nerves is especially susceptible to injury at the elbow?
Which of these nerves is especially susceptible to injury at the elbow?
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What role does the median nerve play in autonomic functions?
What role does the median nerve play in autonomic functions?
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Which muscle is responsible for controlling finger flexion but is NOT innervated by the median nerve?
Which muscle is responsible for controlling finger flexion but is NOT innervated by the median nerve?
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Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the radial nerve?
Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the radial nerve?
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How does the median nerve affect the thumb?
How does the median nerve affect the thumb?
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Which spinal nerve contributes to the shoulder abduction at the deltoid muscle?
Which spinal nerve contributes to the shoulder abduction at the deltoid muscle?
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Which area corresponds to the dermatome responsible for feeling over the lateral aspect of the forearm?
Which area corresponds to the dermatome responsible for feeling over the lateral aspect of the forearm?
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What is the function of the myotome related to the C7 spinal nerve?
What is the function of the myotome related to the C7 spinal nerve?
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Erb-Duchenne palsy (Waiter’s tip) is associated with damage to which spinal nerves?
Erb-Duchenne palsy (Waiter’s tip) is associated with damage to which spinal nerves?
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Which of the following describes the motor loss in a patient with C5 damage?
Which of the following describes the motor loss in a patient with C5 damage?
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The muscle responsible for elbow flexion is associated with which myotome?
The muscle responsible for elbow flexion is associated with which myotome?
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Which dermatome covers the little finger on the palmar side?
Which dermatome covers the little finger on the palmar side?
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What happens to the arm when there is traction during a brachial birth trauma?
What happens to the arm when there is traction during a brachial birth trauma?
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Study Notes
Axilla and Brachial Plexus
- The axilla is a pyramidal space between the shoulder and the upper arm, containing major vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes.
- Axillary contents include the axillary artery, axillary vein, brachial plexus, and lymph nodes.
- The brachial plexus is a network of nerves arising from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1.
- The brachial plexus has components including roots, trunks, divisions, and cords. It further divides into branches.
- The brachial plexus provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb.
- There are three main cords: lateral, medial, and posterior.
- The axilla has walls with specific boundaries. These are important clinically and anatomically.
- The apex of the axilla marks the entrance from the neck to the axilla.
- The base of the axilla is the floor, formed by skin and fascia.
- The axillary sheath is a connective tissue sheath enclosing the axillary artery, vein, and cords of brachial plexus.
- Muscles encompassing the axilla include the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subscapularis, and latissumus dorsi.
- The location of the axillary artery varies throughout its path through the axilla. This is crucial for the clinician to know.
- A thorough understanding of the location and relationships of the structures in and around the axilla are important.
- An appreciation of possible injuries and their consequences is paramount.
- Knowledge of the nerve pathways and the structure/location of vessels in and around the axilla is essential to understand disease processes and injuries related to the arm and shoulder region.
- A thorough knowledge of the anatomy is crucial for effectively examining injuries or diseases of the arm, shoulder, and axilla region.
- Medical graduates should accurately describe the innervation, arterial supply, venous and lymphatic drainage of the structures of the upper limb.
- They should be able to interpret diagnostic images.
- They should have a detailed knowledge of surface anatomy, dermatomes, and peripheral nerve distribution of the upper limb.
- Students should also understand how these factors and structures influence the stability of joints.
- Knowledge of the organisation of the deep fascia of the upper limb is necessary. This is clinically valuable.
Upper Limb Bones
- The bones of the upper limb include the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
- Identification of landmarks on the bones is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
- Injuries to specific bones, such as the scaphoid, are frequent and require specific knowledge.
- The neurovascular structures surrounding bones and joints are at high risk of injury, particularly with fractures or dislocations.
- Knowledge of the functional effects of potential injuries is vital.
- Understanding the upper limb bones and their articulations, will allow better diagnosis and treatment.
Upper Limb, Joints, and Muscles
- The functional and clinical importance of fascial compartments enclosing muscle groups in the upper limb should be known.
- Knowledge of both pectoral girdle anatomy and associated muscle movements and nerve supply is required.
- The movements, stability, and the complications of the glenohumeral joint, including dislocation, should be understood.
- Thorough understanding is essential to identify and treat issues.
- Medical students need a precise understanding of the mechanics and interactions involved.
- Understanding muscle groups and fascial compartments is key to understanding injury and disease.
Axillary Arteries
- The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery.
- It is part of the upper extremity circulation. It has three segments: the first part is proximal to the pectoralis minor muscle, the second part is posterior to the pectoralis minor, and the third part is distal to the pectoralis minor.
- The axillary artery branches are important for supplying blood to the upper limb.
- The axillary artery can be palpated on the medial side of the upper arm. (Clinical significance)
Axillary Vein
- The axillary vein is a continuation of the subclavian vein.
- It is part of the upper extremity venous drainage.
- It receives venous blood from the upper limb and the accompanying arteries.
- The axillary vein is important for returning blood to the heart.
Brachial Plexus Nerve Injuries
- Injuries to the brachial plexus can occur from birth trauma (such as in motor vehicle accidents), or later in life.
- One common type of injury is Erb-Duchenne palsy, which affects the upper trunk of the brachial plexus (C5, C6).
- Another type of injury is Klumpke's palsy, which affects the lower trunk of the brachial plexus (C8, T1).
- Injuries can affect movement, sensation, and cause pain..
- Thorough examination and understanding are necessary for correct diagnosis and treatment management.
Lymph Nodes (Axillary Region)
- Lymph nodes are critical in the lymphatic system for filtration and immune response; they are generally grouped in the axilla.
- They often regionalise by anatomical locations.
- Knowledge of their specific locations and relationships to other anatomical structures within the axilla is fundamental.
- These nodes play an important role in regional immunity and lymphatic drainage.
- The knowledge is important for diagnosis and management of medical issues involving the arm, shoulder, and breast.
Dermatomes
- Dermatomes are areas of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve.
- Dermatome mappings are important to assess nerve function and for diagnosis
- Understanding which spinal nerve is affected in neurological issues or injuries is critical; dermatomes help with that.
- This knowledge assists clinicians in identifying damage or dysfunction in the nervous system.
- Assessment of motor function of upper limbs is frequently involved. Specific muscle groups and myotomes assist with determining functional integrity.
Myotomes
- Myotomes are groups of muscles innervated by a specific spinal nerve (or nerves).
- Myotomes are used to assess nerve function. They assist by identifying deficits in motor pathways relating to issues with nerves.
- Accurate assessment and knowledge of myotomes are necessary for proper diagnosis.
Movements of Upper Limb
- Movement of the upper limb bones and muscles are described.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the axilla and the brachial plexus. This quiz covers the structures, boundaries, and functions related to the axilla and the network of nerves that innervates the upper limb. Suitable for students studying anatomy or related healthcare fields.
