Avian & Reptile Respiratory Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What category of animals is a primary focus of this content?

  • Birds (correct)
  • Reptiles (correct)
  • Mammals
  • Amphibians

What is one of the main topics covered in the 'Case Investigation' section?

  • Respiratory Disease (correct)
  • Reproductive Issues
  • Nutritional Deficiencies
  • Behavioral Assessment

What is a possible surgical procedure discussed in the content?

  • Debridement (correct)
  • Appendectomy
  • Splenectomy
  • Gastrectomy

What condition is specifically mentioned as needing diagnosis and treatment in birds?

<p>Avian chlamydiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common species of Aspergillus that causes aspergillosis in birds?

<p>Aspergillus fumigatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these antibiotics is NOT recommended for the treatment of chlamydiosis (psittacosis) in birds?

<p>Enrofloxacin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are listed as primary bacterial pathogens in reptiles?

<p>Mycoplasma and Mycobacterium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical sign of aspergillosis in birds?

<p>Weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Aspergillus fumigatus in birds?

<p>Inhalation of aerosolized spores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for initial drug selection in bacterial respiratory infections in reptiles?

<p>Selecting a drug based on Gram stain results and published dosage information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended measure for managing respiratory signs in pet birds?

<p>Administering oseltamivir (Tamiflu) as a primary treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bird species is considered to be particularly susceptible to aspergillosis?

<p>Parrots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of respiratory signs in birds related to their anatomical structure?

<p>Lack of a diaphragm, allowing coelomic pathology to affect respiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of treatment for chlamydiosis in birds using doxycycline?

<p>45 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a diagnostic method for identifying chlamydiosis in birds?

<p>PCR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a factor that can worsen respiratory signs in birds?

<p>Exposure to kitchens, fires, and air conditioners. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of infection in birds affected by aspergillosis?

<p>Respiratory tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a viral respiratory pathogen commonly found in reptiles?

<p>Reptarenavirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When would a reptile be most likely to be infected by a respiratory pathogen like a nidovirus?

<p>When it is recently acquired from a pet store (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a typical treatment option for a reptile with a respiratory infection?

<p>Antiviral medication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these respiratory pathogens is commonly associated with compromised pets?

<p>Aspergillus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended initial step in determining treatment for a reptile with a mycotic respiratory infection?

<p>Performing a cytology/Gram stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these respiratory pathogens is typically diagnosed by microscopy?

<p>Rhabdias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important diagnostic tool for identifying a parasitic respiratory infection in a reptile?

<p>Microscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a recommended step in investigating respiratory disease in a reptile?

<p>Collecting a sample of the reptiles food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these choices are included as part of a physical examination for respiratory issues in reptiles?

<p>Asymmetric swimming of aquatic turtles (A), Tachypnea (B), Dyspnea (C), Nasal or glottal discharge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of diagnostic imaging used in respiratory investigations?

<p>Radiography and CT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of blood test that can help determine the cause of respiratory issues?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of specific causes of reptile respiratory issues that can be diagnosed through serology?

<p>Tortoise Mycoplasma and Snake Paramyxovirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered methods for demonstrating the presence of a specific cause of respiratory illness?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components that contribute to a definitive diagnosis of respiratory disease?

<p>Pathological processes, specific cause identification, and paired rising titers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor to be considered as part of a reptile's history?

<p>Exercise and activity levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'Tachypnea' and 'Dyspnea' in reptiles?

<p>Tachypnea is a rapid breathing rate, Dyspnea is a labored breathing pattern. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign may indicate avian flu in birds?

<p>Soft-shelled or misshapen eggs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is recommended for ante-mortem diagnosis of avian flu?

<p>Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs for PCR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is not appropriate for treating aspergillosis in birds?

<p>Administering corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What histological finding might be expected during necropsy of a bird with aspergillosis?

<p>White plaques or granulomas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungus-related investigations is essential for diagnosing aspergillosis?

<p>Cytology demonstrating fungal hyphae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal group is notably asymptomatic in their role as carriers of avian flu?

<p>Aquatic/migratory birds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key initial step when treating avian flu in birds?

<p>Notify the state veterinarian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which findings may be observed during necropsy of a bird with avian flu?

<p>Pancreatic necrosis and hemorrhages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mandatory depopulation

The required culling of poultry to prevent disease spread.

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

An antiviral medication used for treating specific viral infections in birds.

Coelomic diseases

Conditions affecting the body cavity that can cause respiratory signs in birds.

Important bacterial respiratory pathogens

Key bacteria that cause respiratory infections in reptiles, including Mycoplasma and Mycobacterium.

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Increased biosecurity

Enhanced measures to prevent disease transmission in bird and reptile populations.

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Avian Chlamydiosis

A bacterial infection in birds that affects respiratory health.

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Aspergillosis

A fungal infection in birds primarily affecting their respiratory system.

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Respiratory Diseases in Reptiles

Conditions that affect the respiratory system of reptiles, leading to symptoms like wheezing.

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Surgical Treatment

Medical procedure involving debridement or removal of abscesses in affected animals.

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Investigation of Respiratory Disease

Systematic approach to diagnose respiratory illnesses in exotic pets.

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Quarantine

Isolating new animals to prevent disease spread.

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Tachypnea

Rapid breathing observed in reptiles during stress.

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Dyspnea

Difficulty in breathing often shown by open mouth.

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Radiography

X-ray imaging used in diagnosing animal conditions.

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CT Scan

Advanced imaging technique providing detailed cross-sectional views.

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Hematology Tests

Blood tests to differentiate between infections in animals.

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Definitive Diagnosis

Conclusive identification of a disease via various tests.

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PCR Testing

Technique used to amplify DNA for identifying pathogens.

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Aspergillosis in Birds

A fungal infection in birds characterized by white plaques, granulomas, and various respiratory issues.

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Antemortem Diagnosis for Aspergillosis

Testing methods including cytology, histopathology, and fungal cultures before death.

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Treatment for Aspergillosis

Involves oxygen support, antifungal medications, and possible surgical removal of granulomas.

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Avian Influenza (Avian Flu)

A viral infection affecting birds, often asymptomatic in wildlife, with serious risks to poultry.

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Clinical Signs of Avian Flu

Symptoms include sudden death, lethargy, reduced appetite, and respiratory issues.

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Necropsy Findings for Avian Flu

Results may show pancreatic necrosis, hemorrhages, and edema in affected birds.

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Ante-mortem Diagnosis for Avian Flu

Use oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs for PCR and serological testing before death.

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Reporting Avian Flu

Incidents of avian flu must be reported to the state veterinarian immediately.

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Chlamydiosis in Birds

A disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci, leading to severe symptoms and potential death in birds.

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Symptoms of Chlamydiosis

Symptoms include airsacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis, peritonitis, bronchopneumonia, hepatic necrosis, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly.

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Acute Diagnosis of Chlamydiosis

Diagnosis involves PCR and serology (IgM, paired rising IgG) for acute disease identification.

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Chronic Disease Screening

Pooled fecal sample for PCR and serology (IgG) over 5-7 days for chronic diagnosis.

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Treatment of Chlamydiosis

Tetracyclines, particularly doxycycline for 45 days; enrofloxacin is ineffective against elementary bodies.

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Preventive Measures for Chlamydiosis

Improved biosecurity involves quarantining new birds, preventing wild bird exposure, and thorough cleaning.

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Symptoms of Aspergillosis

Symptoms include lethargy, anorexia, voice change, tachypnea, dyspnea, and weight loss.

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Nidovirus

A viral respiratory pathogen in reptiles, often linked to new introductions.

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Paramyxovirus

Another viral respiratory pathogen found in reptiles that may require isolation.

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Mycotic Pathogens

Fungal respiratory pathogens like Candida and Aspergillus found in reptiles.

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Cytology

The microscopic examination of cells to diagnose respiratory diseases.

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Itraconazole

An antifungal medication used for treating respiratory infections in reptiles.

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Rhabdias

A parasitic respiratory pathogen found in reptiles.

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Clinical Investigation Steps

Process includes history, exam, imaging, and sample collection for respiratory disease.

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Supportive Treatment

Care methods for reptiles with respiratory diseases, including fluids and nutrition.

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Study Notes

Avian & Reptile Respiratory Diseases

  • Common causes and case investigation are discussed
  • Respiratory anatomy and physiology of birds, reptiles, and amphibians are outlined
  • Important objectives include understanding avian chlamydiosis, aspergillosis, and respiratory diseases of reptiles.
  • Knowledge of investigative techniques for exotic patients (rabbits, rodents, ferrets) is also necessary. These topics can be found in mammalian lectures.

Avian Respiratory Diseases

  • Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis):
    • Caused by Chlamydia psittaci (obligate intracellular bacterium)
    • Affects birds, especially cockatiels, budgerigars, and parrots
    • Reportable and zoonotic (transmissible to humans)
    • Transmission by fecal-oral or inhalation
    • Acute and chronic (subclinical, latent) can be unmasked by stressors
    • Clinical signs: nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, green-yellow feces, inactivity, fluffed, anorexia, weight loss
  • Aspergillosis:
    • Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (common opportunistic environmental fungus)
    • Commonly affects immunocompromised birds (poor environment, malnutrition, steroids)
    • Especially parrots, raptors, waterfowl, and penguins
    • Transmission by aerosolized spores (not bird to bird or zoonotic)
    • Affects any part of the respiratory tract (can spread to liver, bone, kidneys, brain)
    • Clinical signs: lethargy, anorexia, voice change, tachypnea, dyspnea, anorexia, weight loss
  • Avian Flu (Orthomyxovirus):
    • Caused by Orthomyxovirus (LPAI, HPAI)
    • Primarily in aquatic/migratory birds
    • High risk to commercial poultry and other birds, including mammals.
    • Reportable, zoonotic
    • Clinical signs: sudden death with no prior signs, lethargy, reduced appetite, purple discoloration of body parts, reduced egg production, soft-shelled/misshapen eggs, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, ataxia, diarrhea

Reptile Respiratory Diseases

  • Important Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens:
    • Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Chlamydia, E. coli, Klebsiella.
  • Important Viral Respiratory Pathogens:
    • Nidovirus/serpentovirus, Paramyxovirus, Reptarenavirus, Reovirus, Herpesvirus
  • Important Mycotic Respiratory Pathogens:
    • Candida, Paecilomyces, Aspergillus (opportunistic pathogens)
  • Important Parasitic Respiratory Pathogens:
    • Rhabdias, Strongyloides, Pentostomids, Renifers (rare in captive-bred reptiles)

Case Investigation

  • History: Quarantine, recent additions, temperature, humidity, ventilation, air quality, malnutrition
  • Physical Examination: Tachypnea (reduced non-ventilatory periods in reptiles), dyspnea (open mouth), nasal or glottal discharge, asymmetric swimming (aquatic turtles)
  • Diagnostic Imaging: Radiography, CT
  • Blood Collection and Testing: Hematology (infectious vs. non-infectious), biochemistry (rule out non-respiratory causes), serology (few)
  • Definitive Diagnosis: Pathological process in animal, cytology, histopathology, paired rising titers AND demonstration of specific cause (culture, PCR, parasite identification, toxicology, paired rising titers)
  • Resp. Tract Sample Collection: Nasal/choanal/tracheal swabs, lung lavage
  • Endoscopy & Biopsy: Histopathology and culture for PCR

Medical Therapy

  • Often 2-6 weeks for birds; 4-8 weeks for reptiles
  • Drug choice dictated by test results and diagnosis, antibiotic, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, anti-viral
  • Supplemental fluids and nutrition are crucial
  • Improvements in husbandry is needed
  • Quarantine is essential.

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