Avalización do nivel de consciencia
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Questions and Answers

Que aspecto non debera indicar un risco vital para un neno ou nena?

  • Dificultade respiratoria
  • Febre elevada sen outros síntomas (correct)
  • Aparencia alterada
  • Alteración na cor da pel

    • Cal é unha causa de orixe respiratoria que pode afectar a un neno ou nena?

  • Queimaduras
  • Deshidratación
  • Atragoamento (correct)
  • Diabetes

    • Entre os seguintes sinais, cal suxire unha grave dificultade respiratoria?

  • Aparencia de mellora
  • Aleteo nasal (correct)
  • Corazón acelerado sen esforzo
  • Respiro normal

    • Que síntoma ou situación non se considera unha emerxencia sanitaria inmediata en nenas e nenos?

    <p>Tose ocasional sen outros síntomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que tipo de causa non se menciona no contexto de paradas cardiorrespiratorias?

    <p>Causas alérxicas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal destes sinais suxire que un neno ou nena pode estar en perigo?

    <p>Estar demasiado tranquilo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal destes síntomas pode indicar que un neno ou nena necesite atención sanitaria?

    <p>Respiro irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que característica é típica das causas circulatorias en pediatría?

    <p>Deshidratación</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canto tempo debe practicar unha persoa a RCP antes de pedir axuda?

    <p>1 minuto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é a proporción adecuada de compresións e ventilacións para nenos segundo o protocolo pediátrico?

    <p>15/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe facer se o neno ou nena responde?

    <p>Deixar na posición na que se atopou</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é a profundidade adecuada das compresións torácicas en nenos?

    <p>Un terzo da profundidade do tórax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe comprobar antes de iniciar a RCP?

    <p>Se hai risco de perigo na zona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe utilizar para realizar a masaxe cardíaca en lactantes?

    <p>Dous dedos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que acción debe realizarse se o neno non responde?

    <p>Activar a cadea de socorro PAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Como debe posicionarse a persoa que realiza a reanimación?

    <p>De xeonllos ao carón do neno</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é o significado da letra 'D' na escala AVDN?

    <p>Reacción ao estímulo doloroso</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe valorar na exploración primaria en relación co pulso da vítima?

    <p>Falta de pulso e presenza de hemorraxias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Na exploración secundaria, que se debe observar nas pupilas?

    <p>Se reaccionan ante a luz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que feridas deben ser valoradas na exploración de extremidades?

    <p>Feridas sangrantes e contusións</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é a manobra a realizar para abrir a vía aérea en nenos maiores de 1 ano?

    <p>Manobra fronte-queixo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que información se debe obter a través da regra OPUMA?

    <p>Antecedentes persoais e alerxias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é o propósito da valoración da respiración na exploración primaria?

    <p>Comprobar a apertura da vía aérea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que posición debe adoptar a vítima durante a manobra fronte-queixo?

    <p>Decúbito supino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Como se debe comprobar a respiración dunha vítima?

    <p>Ver, oír e sentir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que sinais son importantes na exploración de cabeza e pescozo?

    <p>Sinais de rotura de cranio e hemorraxias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cando se debe aplicar a RCP?

    <p>Se non hai respiración e non se detecta pulso</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canto tempo debe durar a comprobación da respiración antes de tomar unha decisión?

    <p>10 segundos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Se un neno non respira, que se debe facer primeiro se estamos sós?

    <p>Realizar 5 ventilacións de rescate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe ter en conta ao realizar a manobra fronte-queixo en lactantes?

    <p>Non facer unha extensión vertical excesiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe facer se a vítima respira con normalidade?

    <p>Colocarse en posición lateral de seguridade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe evitar ao retirar un corpo estraño visible da boca dunha vítima?

    <p>Facer a manobra sen mirar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canto tempo debe durar cada insuflación ao realizar ventilacións de rescate en nenos?

    <p>1 segundo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que técnica se debe empregar para ventilacións en lactantes?

    <p>Boca a boca-nariz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Por que é importante observar a elevación do tórax durante a ventilación?

    <p>Confirma que a ventilación é efectiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é o propósito principal das comprensións torácicas?

    <p>Facilitar que o sangue circule polo corpo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que se debe facer antes de volver a insuflar en lactantes se as ventilacións non son efectivas?

    <p>Comprobar a correcta posición da manobra fronte-queixo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é a posición adecuada para realizar comprensións torácicas en nenos?

    <p>Boca arriba sobre unha superficie dura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canto menor debe ser a cantidade de aire insuflado en lactantes en comparación cos nenos?

    <p>Menor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cal é a manobra utilizada para manter a vía aérea aberta en nenos?

    <p>Manobra fronte-queixo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### AVDN Consciousness Scale

    • Used to assess a victim's level of consciousness.
    • Evaluates response to stimuli: Alert (A), Verbal (V), Pain (D), Unresponsive (N)

    ### Primary Assessment

    • Airway: Assess breathing and maintain airway, prioritizing spinal control.
    • Breathing: Absence of breathing indicates cardiac arrest, requiring CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation).
    • Circulation: Assess pulse and check for major bleeding. If absent, cardiac arrest requires CPR.

    ### Secondary Assessment

    • Performed on conscious or regaining victims awaiting full recovery or medical aid.
    • Pupils: Evaluate size, reaction to light, and symmetry.
    • Head and Neck: Inspect for skull fractures (ear/nose bleeding, eye bruising), eye injuries, nasal/jaw fractures, contusions.
    • Chest and Abdomen: Look for traumatic injuries, chest pain (ribs/sternum), abdominal trauma, pain, rigidity, internal bleeding signs.
    • Extremities: Check for bleeding wounds, contusions, pain points, deformities, fracture signs, and assess mobility and sensation.

    ### OPUMA Rule

    • Only for conscious victims. To gather vital information from family/companions.
    • O: What happened (what occurred)?
    • P: Personal history.
    • U: Last ingestion (liquids/solids) - time and type.
    • M: Medications taken (if any).
    • A: Allergies.

    ### Pediatric Triage Triangle

    • Visual assessment tool for infants and children, aiding in determining severity and need for medical help.
    • Appearance: Uncharacteristic (unusually quiet, sluggish, poorly responsive), stiffness/floppiness, hyperactive/inactive, unable to follow gaze.
    • Breathing: Difficulty maintaining normal breathing, including nasal flaring, labored breathing, respiratory sounds, abdominal breathing (diaphragm).
    • Color: Pale, mottled, bluish skin.
    • Presence of any of these signs indicates a potentially serious situation requiring medical attention.
    • Absence doesn't rule out the need for care, as high fever might not affect the triangle but might need a pediatrician's visit.

    ### Pediatric Emergencies

    • Requiring Immediate Medical Intervention: Seizures, persistent vomiting, fever in infants under 3 months, overall deterioration in infants and children.

    ### Pediatric Cardiac Arrest

    • Children experiencing cardiac arrest exhibit distinct signs.
    • Causes:
      • Respiratory Origin: Airway obstruction (foreign objects, choking), respiratory distress (bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma).
      • Circulatory Origin: Compromise to circulation (dehydration from gastroenteritis, burns, hemorrhage, diabetes, infections, allergies).
      • Cardiac Origin: Usually in children with history of prior heart conditions.

    ### Pediatric Basic Life Support (SVB)

    • Reanimation: The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines for pediatric cardiac arrest (PCR) provide clear steps.
    • Altered Algorithm: Adjustments are needed for newborns, infants, and children for chest compressions.
    • SVB Steps:
      • Assessment: Confirm loss of consciousness, check for normal breathing, call 112/061, initiate chest compressions ("cardiac massage").
      • Initial Action: 5 rescue breaths before starting chest compressions (15/pediatric protocol, 30/adult protocol).
      • CPR by One Person: Practice CPR for 1 minute before seeking help.
      • Chest Compression Depth: Approximately one-third of chest depth, using 2 fingers for infants, 1-2 hands depending on child's size (15/2 pediatric protocol, 30/2 adult protocol).

    ### Pediatric SVB Protocol for Infants and Children

    • 1. Approaching the Scene: Safety first, ensuring no danger to victim, rescuer, or bystanders. Identify danger sources; eliminate if possible, otherwise call 112/061.
    • 2. Rescuer Position: Kneel beside the infant, child, or place the infant on a raised surface (table, changing table), positioned laterally at shoulder height.
    • 3. Check for Response: Speak and stimulate (never shake), if they respond:
      • Leave them undisturbed, avoiding movement.
      • Ask what happened, if able to communicate.
      • Perform secondary assessment.
      • Monitor consciousness and breathing.
      • Call 112/061, if needed.
    • 4. Open the Airway: (Front-Chin Maneuver)
      • Children Over 1 Year: The tongue and head position can block the airway. "Front-Chin" maneuver:
        • Victim on their back (supine).
        • Place one hand on the forehead, tilting the head gently backward.
        • Use fingers of the other hand to lift the jaw forward, under the chin.
        • This opens the airway by separating the tongue from the back of the throat.
      • Infants: Use the "Front-Chin" maneuver, but with a gentler vertical extension to avoid trachea compression and airway closure.
      • For visible, easily removable foreign objects, attempt removal with fingers, but only under controlled conditions.
    • 5. Check Breathing: With airway open, assess normal breathing (LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL):
      • LOOK: Chest movements.
      • LISTEN: Breathing sounds.
      • FEEL: Breath on your cheek.
        • This should be done for 10 seconds before deciding.
      • Breathing Present: Place them in the recovery position (PLS, supine) as tolerated, and call 112/061. Monitor until help arrives.
      • Infants: Maintaining recovery position can be challenging, try positioning them on their side with support.
      • No Breathing or Abnormal Breathing:
        • Alone: Give 5 initial rescue breaths and continue with CPR for 1 minute. Call 112/061.
        • With Someone:
        • Call 112/061.
        • Give 5 initial rescue breaths and continue CPR.
    • 6. Rescue Breaths:
      • Children:
        • Maintain airway using "front-chin" maneuver.
        • Hold their nose closed with one hand.
        • Seal your mouth over theirs.
        • Deliver a steady breath for 1 second.
        • Watch for chest rise with each breath.
        • Release the nose, remove your mouth, and observe chest deflation. A complete deflation signifies an effective breath.
        • Repeat the process for another breath.
      • Infants:
        • Use a mouth-to-mouth-nose technique.
        • Ensure your mouth covers their mouth and nose completely.
        • Remember that infants have a smaller respiratory capacity requiring smaller breath volumes.
        • If chest doesn't rise with breaths, assess if a technique error exists.
        • Before re-breathing:
          • Re-check "front-chin" position (minimal with infants).
          • Inspect the infant's mouth for obstructions, especially foreign objects.
    • 7. Chest Compressions:
      • The infant or child should be lying face up on a firm, stable surface.
      • This maneuver compresses the chest against the spine to circulate blood throughout the body.
      • Children:
        • Place one hand on the center of the chest, with the heel of the hand directly over the breastbone.
        • Use the other hand to support the forehead.
        • If the child is large, both hands can be used.
      • Infants:
        • Use two fingers, placed on the center of the chest, just below the nipple line (not over the ribs or cartilage).
        • Ensure enough pressure is applied to compress the chest about one-third of the way down.
      • Continue: Cycles of chest compressions and breaths (15/2 for pediatric protocol, 30/2 for adult protocol) until help arrives.
      • Important: Ensure proper hand placement and compression depth for effective blood circulation.

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    Description

    Este cuestionario aborda a escala de consciencia AVDN, utilizada para avaliar o nivel de consciencia das vítimas. Inclúe a evaluación primaria e secundaria, centrada na vía aérea, respiración e circulación. Aprenderás a identificar síntomas e a resposta adecuada en situacións de emerxencia.

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