Avalanche Types

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What is the characteristic of snow required for a loose snow avalanche to occur?

Snow with a mix of cohesive and loose layers

Snow with high cohesion

Snow with poor bonding

Snow with low cohesion (correct)

What is the primary difference between slab avalanches and loose snow avalanches?

Cohesion of snow layers (correct)

Size of the avalanche

Depth of snow layers

Speed of motion

Why are slab avalanches considered the most dangerous?

They are faster in speed

They are larger in size

They can start in either shallow or deep snow layers (correct)

They are more unpredictable

What is the primary factor in the successful rescue of a person buried in an avalanche?

Actions taken by unburied survivors Signup and view all the answers

What should you do when crossing an avalanche track cannot be avoided?

Select the shortest possible route high on the slope or low in the run-out zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assigning a spotter at the top and bottom of the track?

To provide a warning signal Signup and view all the answers

What should you do with larger packs when crossing an avalanche track?

Loosen them Signup and view all the answers

Why should teams performing rescue operations in an avalanche area be mentally prepared?

For the possibility that they too may be overtaken by an avalanche Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if an acetylene cylinder has been laid on its side?

Place the cylinder upright and wait at least one hour before using Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to call gases by their proper names?

To avoid confusion that could cause death or injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the smell of ammonia often compared to?

The smell of drying urine Signup and view all the answers

At what concentration can ammonia's smell be detected?

1-50 ppm Signup and view all the answers

What is the explosive range of ammonia?

16%–25% Signup and view all the answers

How is ammonia typically stored?

In commercial cylinders as a compressed liquefied gas Signup and view all the answers

What can cause ammonia to become corrosive and explosive?

Heat and oxidizing substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum concentration of ammonia that can cause rapid death?

5000 ppm Signup and view all the answers

What is the explosive range of hydrogen sulphide?

4.3%–45% Signup and view all the answers

What can cause dust explosions that create hydrogen sulphide?

Blasting operations in sulphide ore bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of hydrogen sulphide on humans?

Paralysis of the sense of smell Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration of hydrogen sulphide that is immediately dangerous to life and health?

100 PPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic smell of MAPP gas?

Fishy Signup and view all the answers

What is the explosive range of MAPP gas?

1.8%–11.7% Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high concentrations of MAPP gas on humans?

Anaesthetizing effect Signup and view all the answers

How is MAPP gas stored?

As a liquid under pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of Nitrogen in the air?

78.01% Signup and view all the answers

What is the smell of Hydrogen Cyanide?

Bitter Almond odour Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of Carbon Monoxide?

Incomplete combustion, diesel and gas engine exhaust Signup and view all the answers

What is the smell of Sulphur Dioxide?

Sulphur smell Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of Hydrogen Sulphide?

Decomposition of some sulphur compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Carbon Dioxide?

Taste in high concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of Oxygen?

Constituent of air Signup and view all the answers

What is the smell of Chlorine?

Bleach smell Signup and view all the answers

What factor does not influence the size and speed of the resonance wave?

Color of the vehicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable mass of a vehicle in motion for an ice thickness of 12.5 cm?

9,025 kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed limit on ice roads for an empty vehicle?

35 km/h Signup and view all the answers

What can be the result of the resonance wave on the ice?

A blowout or an ice failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the range of physiological reactions to adverse temperature conditions?

Thermal stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Gold's Formula?

To determine the maximum allowable mass of a vehicle in motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable mass of a vehicle in motion for an ice thickness of 20 cm?

32,400 kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mine rescuers in relation to thermal stress?

To recognize and adequately respond to thermal stress Signup and view all the answers