Podcast
Questions and Answers
In regions like the Rockies west of Calgary, what is the typical annual impact of avalanches on human life?
In regions like the Rockies west of Calgary, what is the typical annual impact of avalanches on human life?
- Avalanches result in 50 or more fatalities per year.
- Avalanches result in 30-40 fatalities per year.
- Avalanches result in 1-2 fatalities per year.
- Avalanches result in 11-14 fatalities per year. (correct)
Why does Europe experience a higher number of avalanche-related deaths each year compared to the USA and Canada?
Why does Europe experience a higher number of avalanche-related deaths each year compared to the USA and Canada?
- Europe's mountain ranges have steeper slopes and more unpredictable snow conditions.
- Avalanche safety education and awareness are less prevalent in Europe.
- Europe has a larger population living in close proximity to high mountain areas. (correct)
- European building codes are less strict regarding construction in avalanche-prone areas.
What combination of factors leads to the majority of fatalities in avalanche incidents?
What combination of factors leads to the majority of fatalities in avalanche incidents?
- Drowning, head trauma, and exhaustion
- Hypothermia, trauma, and drowning
- Asphyxia, exhaustion, and internal bleeding
- Hypothermia, trauma, and asphyxia (correct)
In situations involving multiple casualties in an avalanche, what is often the triggering factor?
In situations involving multiple casualties in an avalanche, what is often the triggering factor?
The Rogers Pass in Canada is prone to frequent avalanche closures due to its heavy snowfall and numerous avalanche paths. Approximately how many avalanche paths affect the 43 km highway section in this area?
The Rogers Pass in Canada is prone to frequent avalanche closures due to its heavy snowfall and numerous avalanche paths. Approximately how many avalanche paths affect the 43 km highway section in this area?
The Coquihalla Highway- Boston Bar is known to have around 71 avalanche paths. What is the approximate avalanche production per year?
The Coquihalla Highway- Boston Bar is known to have around 71 avalanche paths. What is the approximate avalanche production per year?
How does the triggering of wet snow avalanches differ from that of dry snow avalanches?
How does the triggering of wet snow avalanches differ from that of dry snow avalanches?
What key characteristic defines a slab avalanche?
What key characteristic defines a slab avalanche?
Which type of slab avalanche accounts for the majority of avalanche-related fatalities in North America on an annual basis?
Which type of slab avalanche accounts for the majority of avalanche-related fatalities in North America on an annual basis?
How does the speed of a dry slab avalanche typically compare to that of a wet slab avalanche?
How does the speed of a dry slab avalanche typically compare to that of a wet slab avalanche?
What is a key characteristic of 'sluff' avalanches, also known as loose snow avalanches?
What is a key characteristic of 'sluff' avalanches, also known as loose snow avalanches?
Why are avalanche victims only said to have 15 minutes before they suffocate once an avalanche stops?
Why are avalanche victims only said to have 15 minutes before they suffocate once an avalanche stops?
According to the 'Avalanche Triangle,' which three factors contribute to avalanche formation?
According to the 'Avalanche Triangle,' which three factors contribute to avalanche formation?
Which snowpack characteristic is essential for the formation of slab avalanches?
Which snowpack characteristic is essential for the formation of slab avalanches?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of wind in avalanche formation?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of wind in avalanche formation?
What is 'hoar' and how does its formation contribute to avalanche danger?
What is 'hoar' and how does its formation contribute to avalanche danger?
How does slope steepness relate to avalanche occurrence?
How does slope steepness relate to avalanche occurrence?
How does slope orientation affect the likelihood of avalanches?
How does slope orientation affect the likelihood of avalanches?
Why are convex slopes more prone to avalanching than concave slopes?
Why are convex slopes more prone to avalanching than concave slopes?
What features can help you identify potential avalanche paths in terrain?
What features can help you identify potential avalanche paths in terrain?
Which of the following human factors elevates the risk of avalanche involvement?
Which of the following human factors elevates the risk of avalanche involvement?
What essential equipment is recommended for avalanche preparedness?
What essential equipment is recommended for avalanche preparedness?
What are some immediate warning signs that indicate unstable snow conditions and increased avalanche risk?
What are some immediate warning signs that indicate unstable snow conditions and increased avalanche risk?
What slope aspect is considered to be leeward to wind?
What slope aspect is considered to be leeward to wind?
What are signs of recent or increased avalanche hazard?
What are signs of recent or increased avalanche hazard?
What 4 types of data are forecasts based on?
What 4 types of data are forecasts based on?
Why are snow fences or nets used in avalanche prone areas?
Why are snow fences or nets used in avalanche prone areas?
How do berms protect buildings?
How do berms protect buildings?
What is true of mounds?
What is true of mounds?
What are explosives used for?
What are explosives used for?
Approximately how many explosive charges are used in Canada annually?
Approximately how many explosive charges are used in Canada annually?
What can vegetation do?
What can vegetation do?
Which statement is true of cornices?
Which statement is true of cornices?
Which factor about terrain is most important?
Which factor about terrain is most important?
Are fatalities more likely to occur in places with mountains?
Are fatalities more likely to occur in places with mountains?
What is true of avalanche speeds?
What is true of avalanche speeds?
Match the following avalanche types with their primary triggering mechanisms:
Match the following avalanche types with their primary triggering mechanisms:
Match the following terms related to snowpack metamorphism with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to snowpack metamorphism with their descriptions:
Match the following avalanche forecasting techniques with their primary applications:
Match the following avalanche forecasting techniques with their primary applications:
Match the following avalanche control methods with their specific functions:
Match the following avalanche control methods with their specific functions:
Match the following stability tests with their descriptions:
Match the following stability tests with their descriptions:
Match the following microstructural features of snow with their impact on snowpack stability:
Match the following microstructural features of snow with their impact on snowpack stability:
Match each avalanche terrain characteristic with its contribution to avalanche formation:
Match each avalanche terrain characteristic with its contribution to avalanche formation:
Match the following emergency response actions with their purpose in avalanche rescue:
Match the following emergency response actions with their purpose in avalanche rescue:
Match each snow crystal type with its formation conditions and impact on snowpack stability:
Match each snow crystal type with its formation conditions and impact on snowpack stability:
Match the following elements of a comprehensive avalanche safety plan with their primary functions:
Match the following elements of a comprehensive avalanche safety plan with their primary functions:
Match the following types of instrumentation used in avalanche research with their primary functions:
Match the following types of instrumentation used in avalanche research with their primary functions:
Match the following concepts related to fracture mechanics in snowpacks with their respective definitions:
Match the following concepts related to fracture mechanics in snowpacks with their respective definitions:
Match the following human factors influencing avalanche accidents with their descriptions:
Match the following human factors influencing avalanche accidents with their descriptions:
Match the following elements of snowpack structure with their definitions:
Match the following elements of snowpack structure with their definitions:
Match the description with the type of wave that may be generated within a snowpack.
Match the description with the type of wave that may be generated within a snowpack.
Match characteristics and use cases to specific remote sensing technologies for snowpack monitoring:
Match characteristics and use cases to specific remote sensing technologies for snowpack monitoring:
Match these statistical models with their applications in avalanche forecasting:
Match these statistical models with their applications in avalanche forecasting:
Match the principles of snow crystal growth based on the Bergeron-Findeisen process.
Match the principles of snow crystal growth based on the Bergeron-Findeisen process.
Match avalanche education levels:
Match avalanche education levels:
Match these processes:
Match these processes:
What is the typical annual range of avalanche-related fatalities in Canada?
What is the typical annual range of avalanche-related fatalities in Canada?
Under what conditions are wet snow avalanches most likely to be triggered?
Under what conditions are wet snow avalanches most likely to be triggered?
Which characteristic distinguishes slab avalanches from other types of avalanches?
Which characteristic distinguishes slab avalanches from other types of avalanches?
Which statement is most accurate regarding the relationship between slope angle and avalanche risk?
Which statement is most accurate regarding the relationship between slope angle and avalanche risk?
Which of the following is NOT considered essential equipment for avalanche preparedness?
Which of the following is NOT considered essential equipment for avalanche preparedness?
What is a primary function of using explosives in avalanche control?
What is a primary function of using explosives in avalanche control?
Which of the following weather factors does NOT directly contribute to increased avalanche risk?
Which of the following weather factors does NOT directly contribute to increased avalanche risk?
What snowpack condition is most indicative of a high avalanche risk?
What snowpack condition is most indicative of a high avalanche risk?
Besides steepness, what terrain feature contributes significantly to avalanche formation?
Besides steepness, what terrain feature contributes significantly to avalanche formation?
What role does 'hoar' play in avalanche formation?
What role does 'hoar' play in avalanche formation?
What is the speed of dry snow avalanches?
What is the speed of dry snow avalanches?
Which of the following is a small, low-cohesion avalanche?
Which of the following is a small, low-cohesion avalanche?
Which of the following avalanches is triggered by warming conditions or rain on snow?
Which of the following avalanches is triggered by warming conditions or rain on snow?
Which of the following avalanches is formed when compacted snow with cohesion breaks loose?
Which of the following avalanches is formed when compacted snow with cohesion breaks loose?
Which of the following avalanches can remain on the verge of collapse for days to months?
Which of the following avalanches can remain on the verge of collapse for days to months?
Which of the following avalanches is extremely fast (up to 355 km/hr)?
Which of the following avalanches is extremely fast (up to 355 km/hr)?
Which of the following avalanches is responsible for most avalanche-related fatalities in North America?
Which of the following avalanches is responsible for most avalanche-related fatalities in North America?
Which of the following avalanches is often triggered when crossing a slope?
Which of the following avalanches is often triggered when crossing a slope?
What type of damage can a size 1 avalanche do?
What type of damage can a size 1 avalanche do?
Match the term with its description in the context of avalanches:
Match the term with its description in the context of avalanches:
Match the avalanche type with its typical characteristic:
Match the avalanche type with its typical characteristic:
Match the avalanche control strategy with its primary function:
Match the avalanche control strategy with its primary function:
Match the terrain feature with its avalanche risk:
Match the terrain feature with its avalanche risk:
Match the term related to avalanche safety with its meaning:
Match the term related to avalanche safety with its meaning:
Match the description to the most appropriate avalanche size category:
Match the description to the most appropriate avalanche size category:
Connect each factor to how it contributes to avalanche formation:
Connect each factor to how it contributes to avalanche formation:
Match the danger level from the North American Public Avalanche Danger Scale with its description:
Match the danger level from the North American Public Avalanche Danger Scale with its description:
Match each term with its role in avalanche safety:
Match each term with its role in avalanche safety:
Match the condition with its relation to snowpack instability:
Match the condition with its relation to snowpack instability:
Match the type of avalanche with the speed it travels at:
Match the type of avalanche with the speed it travels at:
Match the correct avalanche-related term to each phrase:
Match the correct avalanche-related term to each phrase:
Match each phrase to the specific description of avalanche size:
Match each phrase to the specific description of avalanche size:
Match each avalanche defense to the area it is deployed:
Match each avalanche defense to the area it is deployed:
Match the characteristic to the most appropriate type of Slab Avalanche:
Match the characteristic to the most appropriate type of Slab Avalanche:
Associate the terrain orientation for avalanche risk:
Associate the terrain orientation for avalanche risk:
Match the phrase to the most suitable action to be taken during recreation in an avalanche area:
Match the phrase to the most suitable action to be taken during recreation in an avalanche area:
Match the statistic related to avalanches to the correct value or region:
Match the statistic related to avalanches to the correct value or region:
Match the prevention strategy for avalanches to its use:
Match the prevention strategy for avalanches to its use:
Match the correct piece of safety equipment to the role it performs:
Match the correct piece of safety equipment to the role it performs:
Match the correct term to each avalanche terrain type:
Match the correct term to each avalanche terrain type:
Match the following descriptions to the correct avalanche condition:
Match the following descriptions to the correct avalanche condition:
Match the following vocabulary words to their category
Match the following vocabulary words to their category
Match the following factors to how they influence avalanche formation:
Match the following factors to how they influence avalanche formation:
Match the factor to the statistic about its frequency considering avalanches:
Match the factor to the statistic about its frequency considering avalanches:
Match the contributing factor to why snow avalanches are particularly dangerous
Match the contributing factor to why snow avalanches are particularly dangerous
Match the correct description, or characteristic regarding the following terms:
Match the correct description, or characteristic regarding the following terms:
Match the terrain consideration to its effect on the likelihood of an avalanche:
Match the terrain consideration to its effect on the likelihood of an avalanche:
Match the personal characteristic to the idea of safety in avalanche territory:
Match the personal characteristic to the idea of safety in avalanche territory:
Match the control structure to its action, or function for a resort or a town
Match the control structure to its action, or function for a resort or a town
Match the term with its description related to avalanche formation
Match the term with its description related to avalanche formation
Match the term from the North American Public Avalanche Danger Scale with its implication.
Match the term from the North American Public Avalanche Danger Scale with its implication.
Match the term with its meaning in the context of avalanches.
Match the term with its meaning in the context of avalanches.
Match the correct piece of recommended gear for travelling in snow:
Match the correct piece of recommended gear for travelling in snow:
Match the term with its description
Match the term with its description
Match the speed with the Avalanche type
Match the speed with the Avalanche type
Match the equipment to the purpose
Match the equipment to the purpose
Match the prevention to where it is deployed
Match the prevention to where it is deployed
Match the safety to safe travel
Match the safety to safe travel
Match the size of avalanche to the size and burial depth
Match the size of avalanche to the size and burial depth
Match the term to what can happen
Match the term to what can happen
Match the avalanche type with its primary characteristic related to snowpack structure:
Match the avalanche type with its primary characteristic related to snowpack structure:
Match the triggering mechanism with the associated avalanche release style:
Match the triggering mechanism with the associated avalanche release style:
Match the terrain feature with its typical influence on avalanche formation:
Match the terrain feature with its typical influence on avalanche formation:
Match the avalanche warning sign with its corresponding interpretation regarding snowpack instability:
Match the avalanche warning sign with its corresponding interpretation regarding snowpack instability:
Match the snowpack testing method with its primary purpose in evaluating snow stability:
Match the snowpack testing method with its primary purpose in evaluating snow stability:
Match the avalanche control technique with its primary mechanism:
Match the avalanche control technique with its primary mechanism:
Match the mitigation tool with its primary function in avalanche safety:
Match the mitigation tool with its primary function in avalanche safety:
Match the term related to avalanche forecasting with its definition:
Match the term related to avalanche forecasting with its definition:
Match the slope angle range with its typical avalanche characteristics:
Match the slope angle range with its typical avalanche characteristics:
Match the human factor with its relevance to avalanche accidents:
Match the human factor with its relevance to avalanche accidents:
Match the snow crystal type with its typical effect on snowpack stability:
Match the snow crystal type with its typical effect on snowpack stability:
Match the remote sensing technology with its application in avalanche monitoring:
Match the remote sensing technology with its application in avalanche monitoring:
Match the factor with its influence on avalanche runout distance:
Match the factor with its influence on avalanche runout distance:
Match the statistical method with its application in avalanche forecasting:
Match the statistical method with its application in avalanche forecasting:
Match the snow metamorphism process with its corresponding characteristics influencing snowpack stability:
Match the snow metamorphism process with its corresponding characteristics influencing snowpack stability:
Match the risk communication strategy with its typical application in avalanche safety:
Match the risk communication strategy with its typical application in avalanche safety:
Match the economic impact with its relevance to avalanche-prone regions:
Match the economic impact with its relevance to avalanche-prone regions:
Match the term with its application in snow science:
Match the term with its application in snow science:
Match the element of a rescue plan with its priority:
Match the element of a rescue plan with its priority:
Match the element with its role in mitigation:
Match the element with its role in mitigation:
Match the historical avalanche event with its primary cause:
Match the historical avalanche event with its primary cause:
Match the term with its definition related to decision-making in avalanche terrain:
Match the term with its definition related to decision-making in avalanche terrain:
Match the type of avalanche risk assessment with its goal:
Match the type of avalanche risk assessment with its goal:
Match the element with its definition in snowpack formation:
Match the element with its definition in snowpack formation:
Match the term from rescue planning with its definition:
Match the term from rescue planning with its definition:
Match the term with definition related to avalanche forecasting uncertainty:
Match the term with definition related to avalanche forecasting uncertainty:
Match the snow crystal habit with its formation process:
Match the snow crystal habit with its formation process:
Match the element to manage avalanche in a city:
Match the element to manage avalanche in a city:
Match the risk with description.
Match the risk with description.
Match the element with their function in snowpack:
Match the element with their function in snowpack:
Match the term with their description:
Match the term with their description:
Match the numerical model with its function:
Match the numerical model with its function:
Match the snow classification with its description:
Match the snow classification with its description:
Match the term with its purpose:
Match the term with its purpose:
Flashcards
Avalanche
Avalanche
A mass of snow moving rapidly down a slope.
Snow Avalanche Occurrence
Snow Avalanche Occurrence
Occur in mountainous regions with significant snowfall.
Avalanche Confinement
Avalanche Confinement
Avalanches can flow through channels or spread out.
Avalanche Speed
Avalanche Speed
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Causes of Avalanche Fatalities
Causes of Avalanche Fatalities
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Avalanche Disruptions
Avalanche Disruptions
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Dry Snow Avalanche
Dry Snow Avalanche
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Wet Snow Avalanche
Wet Snow Avalanche
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Slab Avalanche
Slab Avalanche
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Loose Snow Avalanche
Loose Snow Avalanche
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Size 1 (Sluff) Avalanche
Size 1 (Sluff) Avalanche
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Size 2 (Small) Avalanche
Size 2 (Small) Avalanche
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Size 3 (Medium) Avalanche
Size 3 (Medium) Avalanche
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Size 4 (Large) Avalanche
Size 4 (Large) Avalanche
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Avalanche Danger: Speed
Avalanche Danger: Speed
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Avalanche Danger: Snow Density
Avalanche Danger: Snow Density
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Avalanche Danger: Suffocation Time
Avalanche Danger: Suffocation Time
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The Avalanche Triangle
The Avalanche Triangle
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Snow Pack Structure
Snow Pack Structure
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Slab Avalanche Snow Layers
Slab Avalanche Snow Layers
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Wind's Role in Avalanches
Wind's Role in Avalanches
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Formation of Hoar
Formation of Hoar
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Weather Factors on Avalanches
Weather Factors on Avalanches
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Three Parts of Avalanche Paths
Three Parts of Avalanche Paths
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Avalanche Start Zone
Avalanche Start Zone
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Avalanche Track
Avalanche Track
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Avalanche Run-Out Zone
Avalanche Run-Out Zone
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Slope Steepness
Slope Steepness
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Slopes of 30-45°
Slopes of 30-45°
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Slope Orientation
Slope Orientation
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Convex vs. Concave Slopes
Convex vs. Concave Slopes
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Vegetation Role in Avalanches
Vegetation Role in Avalanches
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Cornices
Cornices
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Human Factors in Avalanches
Human Factors in Avalanches
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Avalanche Preparedness
Avalanche Preparedness
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Slope Angle Awareness
Slope Angle Awareness
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Avoid Avalanche Runout Zones
Avoid Avalanche Runout Zones
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Immediate Avalanche Warnings
Immediate Avalanche Warnings
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Avalanche Forecasting
Avalanche Forecasting
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Avalanche Fences
Avalanche Fences
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Sluff Avalanches
Sluff Avalanches
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Snowpack Stability
Snowpack Stability
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Weak Layers
Weak Layers
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Weather's Role
Weather's Role
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Risky Slopes
Risky Slopes
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Convex Slopes
Convex Slopes
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Human Factors
Human Factors
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Essential Equipment
Essential Equipment
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Physical Structures
Physical Structures
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Explosives Use
Explosives Use
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Further reading on avalanches
Further reading on avalanches
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Avalanche deaths
Avalanche deaths
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Avalanches are common
Avalanches are common
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Avalanche occurrence (Canada)
Avalanche occurrence (Canada)
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Avalanche fatalities
Avalanche fatalities
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Avalanche disruptions (Rogers Pass)
Avalanche disruptions (Rogers Pass)
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Avalanche paths (Coquihalla Highway)
Avalanche paths (Coquihalla Highway)
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Defenses (Snow sheds)
Defenses (Snow sheds)
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Avalanche danger
Avalanche danger
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Avalanche safety
Avalanche safety
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Avalanche control
Avalanche control
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Explosives
Explosives
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Control strategies
Control strategies
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Mountainous Avalanche Zones
Mountainous Avalanche Zones
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Weather Contribution to Avalanches
Weather Contribution to Avalanches
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Avalanche Prone Slopes
Avalanche Prone Slopes
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Channelized Avalanche
Channelized Avalanche
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Unconfined Avalanche
Unconfined Avalanche
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Weak Layer Formation
Weak Layer Formation
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Terrain Influence
Terrain Influence
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Avalanche Safety Gear
Avalanche Safety Gear
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Study Notes
- Avalanches are common in mountainous regions with significant snowfall, especially in the Rockies west of Calgary.
- Annually an average of 11-14 people die in avalanches in the Rockies west of Calgary.
- On average, 11-14 people die from avalanches annually in Canada.
- Michel Trudeau, brother of former PM Justin Trudeau, died in 1998 during a backcountry ski trip in Kokanee Glacier Park, BC.
- Avalanches most commonly happen in mountainous regions characterized by substantial snowfall.
- Approximately 1 in every 3,000 avalanches leads to destructive effects.
- Avalanches can be channelized or unconfined.
- Avalanches can either be Channelized, following a narrow, defined path, or Unconfined, spreading out broadly.
- Avalanches begin at 30 km/hr, accelerating to 130-200 km/hr within 3 seconds.
- Avalanches in Canada primarily occur in the West, with some incidents also in the East and Northeast.
- The number of avalanche deaths per year are, Europe at 100, USA at 25-28, and Canada at 12.
- In Europe, avalanche deaths are high because a large population lives close to mountains.
- Hypothermia, trauma, and asphyxia are the primary causes of avalanche fatalities.
- In cases involving multiple victims, most avalanches are triggered by a member of the group.
- Avalanches disrupt transportation, power, and other services.
- Avalanches cause economic losses due to infrastructure damage.
- In Rogers Pass, which is 1,330 m high and sees 10 m of snow annually, its 43 km highway section has 134 avalanche paths, leading to frequent closures.
- Annually an average of 11-14 people die from avalanches in Canada.
- Avalanches can be channelized (following specific paths) or unconfined (spreading out).
- Victorian Switzerland portrayed avalanches as giant snowballs.
- Avalanches are a subject in popular literature.
- Avalanches can travel as a coherent block or break into smaller pieces.
- Most avalanche fatalities result from hypothermia, trauma, and asphyxia.
- Concrete snow sheds, as well as artillery, are employed for avalanche control
- On the Coquihalla Highway near Boston Bar, there are 71 avalanche paths that produce about 100 avalanches each year.
Dry Snow Avalanches
- Occur in freezing temperatures
- Travel at 95-130 km/hr
- More prone to occur due to the snow’s dry nature.
Wet Snow Avalanches
- Triggered by warm air, sun, or rain causing melting
- Travel slower at 16-32 km/hr
- More difficult to trigger compared to dry avalanches.
Slab Avalanches
- The most dangerous type of avalanche
- Occur when a slab of snow breaks loose, moving as a single block
- Can be dry (hard) or wet (soft)
- Responsible for most avalanche fatalities
- Hard Slab Avalanches (Dry) form when compacted snow with cohesion breaks loose.
- Hard slab avalanches can remain on the verge of collapse for days to months.
- Hard slab avalanches can get extremely fast (up to 355 km/hr).
- Hard slab avalanches are responsible for most avalanche-related fatalities in North America.
- Soft Slab Avalanches (Wet) are triggered by warming conditions or rain on snow.
- Soft slab avalanches slower and less cohesive compared to hard slabs.
- Soft slab avalanches occur first at lower elevations and where snowpack is shallow.
Sluff Avalanches (Loose Snow Avalanches)
- Small
- Start from a point and fan out
- Generally less cohesive and not as deadly
- Small, low-cohesion avalanches.
- Usually start from a point and fan out as they descend.
- Typically travel at slower speeds and cause fewer fatalities.
- Often triggered when crossing a slope.
Avalanche Sizes and Damage
- Size ranges from small (sluffs) to large, capable of burying trucks and buildings
- Damage potential increases with size, from minor injuries to large-scale destruction
Snowpack
- Stability depends on snow structure, weak layers, and compactness.
- Weak layers form from wind deposition, formation of hoar (ice crystals), and temperature changes
Weather
- Snowfall, temperature, and local factors greatly influence avalanche risk
Terrain
- Steep slopes (30-45°) are most prone.
- Slopes over 60° usually only trigger small sluffs.
- Convex slopes are more susceptible than concave ones
Human Factors
- Attitude, experience, and group behavior play a role in triggering avalanches
Avalanche Preparedness
- Essential equipment includes avalanche beacons, probes, shovels, and airbag packs
- Avoid risky slopes (>30°) and recognize warning signs like recent avalanches or unusual sounds
Forecasting
- Uses avalanche history, snowpack tests, and weather data
Control Measures
- Physical Structures: Fences, nets, and snow sheds to stabilize snow
- Explosives: Preemptively triggering small avalanches to prevent larger ones
Nepal-Everest Avalanche 2015
- Triggered by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake
- Led to severe loss of life among climbers
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