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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between the somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system?
What is the difference between the somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system?
What structures are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
What structures are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
What is the term for the motor neuron that extends from the CNS to the skeletal muscle in the somatic motor system?
What is the term for the motor neuron that extends from the CNS to the skeletal muscle in the somatic motor system?
What is the term for the motor neuron that runs between the CNS and the target structure in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the term for the motor neuron that runs between the CNS and the target structure in the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the term for the motor neuron that connects to the target structure in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the term for the motor neuron that connects to the target structure in the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following nerves is directly responsible for innervating the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?
Which of the following nerves is directly responsible for innervating the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?
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Which cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic innervation of the head?
Which cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic innervation of the head?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles that extend the wrist?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles that extend the wrist?
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Which of the following nerves is primarily responsible for sensation in the little finger?
Which of the following nerves is primarily responsible for sensation in the little finger?
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Where do parasympathetic fibers synapse in the wall of the target organ?
Where do parasympathetic fibers synapse in the wall of the target organ?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles that flex the wrist and fingers?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles that flex the wrist and fingers?
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Which of the following is NOT controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?
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The superficial branch of the radial nerve provides sensation primarily to which part of the hand?
The superficial branch of the radial nerve provides sensation primarily to which part of the hand?
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What is the name of the network that connects the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers?
What is the name of the network that connects the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers?
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What is the origin of the pre-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the origin of the pre-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the cardiovascular system?
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the cardiovascular system?
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What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the relationship between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the relationship between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
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Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply) The sympathetic nervous system...
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply) The sympathetic nervous system...
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Which of the following structures is NOT directly innervated by the sympathetic trunk ganglia?
Which of the following structures is NOT directly innervated by the sympathetic trunk ganglia?
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The sympathetic trunk ganglia are responsible for innervating which of these?
The sympathetic trunk ganglia are responsible for innervating which of these?
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What is the location of the cell bodies of the second neurons in the sympathetic pathway?
What is the location of the cell bodies of the second neurons in the sympathetic pathway?
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What is the primary function of the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses?
What is the primary function of the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses?
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Which of the following is a likely symptom of damage to the sympathetic trunk?
Which of the following is a likely symptom of damage to the sympathetic trunk?
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The sympathetic trunk chain of ganglia is connected to which of the following
The sympathetic trunk chain of ganglia is connected to which of the following
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What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
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How do the sympathetic trunk ganglia contribute to homeostasis?
How do the sympathetic trunk ganglia contribute to homeostasis?
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Which of these structures is NOT innervated by the celiac ganglion?
Which of these structures is NOT innervated by the celiac ganglion?
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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the sympathetic trunk ganglia and the prevertebral ganglia?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the sympathetic trunk ganglia and the prevertebral ganglia?
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Which of the following statements about the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is FALSE?
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Which of the following structures is innervated by the inferior mesenteric ganglion?
Which of the following structures is innervated by the inferior mesenteric ganglion?
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of the white rami communicantes?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the white rami communicantes?
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What is the function of the sympathetic trunk ganglia?
What is the function of the sympathetic trunk ganglia?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?
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What do sympathetic chain ganglia primarily contain?
What do sympathetic chain ganglia primarily contain?
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Which of the following describes the location of collateral ganglia?
Which of the following describes the location of collateral ganglia?
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What type of fibers do white rami contain?
What type of fibers do white rami contain?
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Which structure do preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit through?
Which structure do preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit through?
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Which of the following is NOT a main collateral ganglia?
Which of the following is NOT a main collateral ganglia?
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How do preganglionic axons in sympathetic pathways mainly exit the spinal cord?
How do preganglionic axons in sympathetic pathways mainly exit the spinal cord?
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What is the function of gray rami?
What is the function of gray rami?
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Which of the following is correct about the sympathetic trunk?
Which of the following is correct about the sympathetic trunk?
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Study Notes
Autonomics - Visceral Motor System
- The autonomic nervous system regulates visceral functions like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and urination.
- It is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- It contains two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- The somatic motor system uses one motor neuron to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to skeletal muscle.
- The autonomic system uses two motor neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic) with a synapse in ganglia to reach the target structure (smooth muscle or gland).
- Material in lectures refers to the required textbook.
- Purchasing online materials is not required, but may be a helpful supplement.
- External resources from online compendiums like Wikipedia may not be entirely accurate.
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- The somatic motor system has a direct pathway from the CNS to the skeletal muscle, with one neuron.
- The autonomic system has a two-neuron pathway, preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, with a synapse in a ganglion.
Somatic Motor
- The brachial plexus includes nerves like the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves.
- These nerves supply the upper limb.
Visceral Motor
- The autonomic nervous system innervates many organs in the body.
- Specific cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic innervation of various organs.
- Structures like lungs, heart, stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder, intestines, and bladder are innervated by specific autonomic pathways.
- Preganglionic fibers synapse in various ganglia.
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System: Comparison
- The Autonomic nervous system consists of two neuron pathways with preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
- The somatic nervous system has a direct pathway from the CNS to the skeletal muscle.
- Effector organs in the somatic nervous system include skeletal muscles.
- Effector organs in the autonomic nervous system include smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS is the general visceral motor component of the PNS.
- It controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
- This system regulates heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and urination.
Two Divisions of the ANS
- Sympathetic division: "fight or flight," originates in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
- Parasympathetic division: "rest and digest," originates in the brain and sacral spinal cord.
Sympathetic Division
- Increases heart rate and breathing.
- Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles.
- Dilates pupils and airways.
- Inhibits motility of digestive and urinary tracts. It responds to dangerous situations.
Parasympathetic Division
- Active when the body is at rest.
- Conserves energy. Regulates "housekeeping" activities.
- Lowers heart rate and breathing rate.
- Digests food.
- Constricts pupils.
Parasympathetic Division
- Contains craniosacral outflow of neurons in the cranial (brain) and sacral regions of central nervous system (CNS).
- The ganglia are located near or in the target organs.
- Does not innervate body wall or limbs.
Cranial Outflow
- This division arises in the brain (CN III, VII, IX, X) and innervates many structures of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.
Sacral Outflow
- Originates in the sacral part of the spinal cord (S2-S4).
- Innervates organs in the lower abdomen and pelvis.
Distribution of Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers
- The parasympathetic nervous system controls certain areas of the body.
Parasympathetic Pathways
- CN III, VII, and IX synapse in one of four head ganglia, innervating structures of the eye, lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, and salivary glands.
- CN X travels through autonomic plexuses, synapsing in intramural ganglia near the target organs (heart, lungs, and digestive tract).
- Sacral outflow (S2-S4) uses the inferior hypogastric plexus and intramural ganglia in the target organ.
Autonomic Plexuses
- Networks of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers.
- Include cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses.
Sympathetic Division
- Issues from thoracic and lumbar regions of the CNS (T1-L2).
- Innervates visceral organs and structures in superficial body regions.
- Contains more ganglia.
Sympathetic Division (page 20)
- Thoraco-lumbar outflow: pre-ganglionic cell bodies in spinal cord, lateral gray horns.
- Bodies of 2nd neurons located in two places; sympathetic trunk or prevertebral/collateral ganglia.
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
- Paired ganglia that run along the sides of the vertebrae.
- Linked together by short nerves to form long sympathetic trunks or chains.
- Connected to ventral rami of spinal nerves through white and gray rami communicantes.
Sympathetic vs. Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Dorsal root ganglia: contain sensory neuron cell bodies.
- Sympathetic chain ganglia: contain motor neuron cell bodies.
Collateral (Prevertebral, Preaortic) Ganglia
- Unpaired and not segmentally arranged.
- Located in abdomen and pelvis, usually on the surface of the aorta.
- Include celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric ganglia.
White and Gray Rami Communicantes
- White rami: contain preganglionic fibers to sympathetic trunk ganglia.
- Gray rami: contain postganglionic fibers to peripheral structures.
- Rami connect spinal nerves to sympathetic trunk.
Sympathetic Pathways
- Preganglionic fibers leave the lateral gray horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord; they pass to the next neuron via a spinal nerve then a white ramus communicans.
- Reaches the sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia.
- Synapses with the postganglionic fibers leading to the target organ.
Visceral Reflexes
- Generalized similarities between somatic and visceral reflexes exist.
- Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus monitor blood pressure.
- Changes stimulate the glossopharyngeal nerve and the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata.
- Results in parasympathetic nervous system activity, causing decreased heart rate to lower blood pressure.
Comparison: Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have opposite or opposing effects on many organs.
- Various physiological responses such as eye dilation, gland secretion, blood vessel dilation, and heart rate are regulated.
Important Considerations
- Sympathetic division innervates superficial structures and those within the body's inner tube.
- Sympathetic stimulation includes sweating, piloerection, and blood vessel constriction.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the autonomic nervous system, focusing on its visceral functions such as heart rate and digestion. This quiz covers the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions as well as the somatic motor system. Enhance your understanding of how these systems interact within the peripheral nervous system.
