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Questions and Answers
Which receptor type is primarily found in vascular smooth muscles?
Which receptor type is primarily found in vascular smooth muscles?
What is the fate of norepinephrine released during an action potential?
What is the fate of norepinephrine released during an action potential?
Which enzyme is responsible for degrading catecholamines in the nerve endings?
Which enzyme is responsible for degrading catecholamines in the nerve endings?
Which of the following is NOT a primary role of α2 receptors?
Which of the following is NOT a primary role of α2 receptors?
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What chemical transmitter is universally distributed in the autonomic nervous system at all preganglionic neurons?
What chemical transmitter is universally distributed in the autonomic nervous system at all preganglionic neurons?
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Which type of receptor is associated with pupil dilation in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which type of receptor is associated with pupil dilation in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What receptor type is found at the coronary vessels in the sympathetic nervous system?
What receptor type is found at the coronary vessels in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following receptors is responsible for gland secretion in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following receptors is responsible for gland secretion in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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In the sympathetic nervous system, which receptor is primarily responsible for relaxing smooth muscles in the lungs?
In the sympathetic nervous system, which receptor is primarily responsible for relaxing smooth muscles in the lungs?
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What receptor type controls heart atrial functions in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What receptor type controls heart atrial functions in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which receptor type mediates contraction of smooth muscles in the urinary bladder sphincters under the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which receptor type mediates contraction of smooth muscles in the urinary bladder sphincters under the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which receptors primarily influence blood vessels in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which receptors primarily influence blood vessels in the sympathetic nervous system?
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In the parasympathetic nervous system, which receptor is involved with the secretory cells in the lungs?
In the parasympathetic nervous system, which receptor is involved with the secretory cells in the lungs?
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What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart?
What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart?
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Which nerve supplies the parotid gland?
Which nerve supplies the parotid gland?
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What is one effect of the sacral parasympathetic outflow?
What is one effect of the sacral parasympathetic outflow?
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Which type of receptors respond to acetylcholine?
Which type of receptors respond to acetylcholine?
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What type of response do nicotinic receptors mainly mediate?
What type of response do nicotinic receptors mainly mediate?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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What is the primary function of atropine?
What is the primary function of atropine?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
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Which organ is not typically supplied by the fibers of the vagus nerve?
Which organ is not typically supplied by the fibers of the vagus nerve?
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Which of the following is a site of muscarinic receptors?
Which of the following is a site of muscarinic receptors?
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Where do the sympathetic nerve fibers originate in the spinal cord?
Where do the sympathetic nerve fibers originate in the spinal cord?
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What kind of response does the sympathetic system primarily facilitate?
What kind of response does the sympathetic system primarily facilitate?
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Which cranial nerves are associated with the outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which cranial nerves are associated with the outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the salivary glands?
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the salivary glands?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for miosis, or pupil constriction?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for miosis, or pupil constriction?
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What is the primary role of the parasympathetic system?
What is the primary role of the parasympathetic system?
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What is the primary action of the adrenal medulla in response to the sympathetic nervous system's stimulation?
What is the primary action of the adrenal medulla in response to the sympathetic nervous system's stimulation?
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Which of the following functions is primarily managed by the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following functions is primarily managed by the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following statements about Horner's syndrome is correct?
Which of the following statements about Horner's syndrome is correct?
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What can be considered a primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system during far vision accommodation?
What can be considered a primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system during far vision accommodation?
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Which gland does the facial nerve primarily supply for salivary secretion?
Which gland does the facial nerve primarily supply for salivary secretion?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System Overview
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates vital visceral functions subconsciously, adjusting and coordinating bodily processes like blood pressure and blood flow.
- The ANS has two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- These two divisions generally have opposite and antagonistic effects.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the "fight-or-flight" response, preparing the body for stressful situations.
- It functions to maintain vital bodily functions and respond to threats to the body's integrity.
- The sympathetic pathway involves two neurons: a preganglionic and a postganglionic neuron
- It is divided into 4 subdivisions:
- Cervical division
- Cardiopulmonary division
- Splanchnic division (greater & lesser splanchnic nerves)
- Somatic division
- Nerves originate in the spinal cord (T1-L2)
- Neurons synapse in paravertebral ganglia.
- Primarily uses norepinephrine as primary neurotransmitter. (except for sweat glands)
Sympathetic Receptors
- Receptors for norepinephrine are called adrenergic receptors.
- Different receptors cause various responses in different organs.
- Examples of adrenergic receptors: alpha (α) and beta (β) receptors categorized further, i.e., α1, α2, β1, β2.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in rest and digestion, maintaining bodily functions under non-stressful conditions.
- Its goal is conservation of energy.
- The pathway involves two neurons: a preganglionic and a postganglionic neuron
- Primarily uses acetylcholine as neurotransmitter.
- Nerves originate in the brainstem or sacral segments of the spinal cord.
- Neurons often synapse close to the target organ, forming ganglia that are nearer the target organ.
- Cranial parasympathetic outflow: nerves III, VII, IX, X
- Sacral parasympathetic outflow: nerves S2 - S4.
Parasympathetic Receptors
- Receptors that respond to acetylcholine (cholinergic) are called muscarinic receptors
- Different receptors cause various responses in different organs, for example, eye, gland, and heart.
Horner's Syndrome
- Horner's syndrome results from damage to the cervical sympathetic nerve fibers.
- Symptoms typically appear on the same side of the body as the damage.
- Common symptoms include ptosis (drooping eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), anhydrosis (decreased sweating), and enophthalmos (apparent sunken eye).
- These symptoms are due to the loss of sympathetic innervation to the affected structures.
- Caused by injury or disruption of the cervical sympathetic nerves.
Chemical Transmission
- Chemical messengers, like acetylcholine (Ach) and norepinephrine (NE), transmit signals across synapses in the ANS.
- These chemicals bind to receptors on target cells to trigger specific responses.
- Specific parts of the ANS utilize particular neurotransmitters.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the autonomic nervous system, focusing on its two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Understand how these divisions regulate vital bodily functions subconsciously and their roles during stressful situations. This quiz delves into the sympathetic nervous system's response mechanisms and neuron pathways.
