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Questions and Answers
What happens to neurotransmitter agents after they bind to membrane receptors on effectors?
What happens to neurotransmitter agents after they bind to membrane receptors on effectors?
- They elicited a physiologic response and are subsequently deactivated. (correct)
- They are taken back into the axon terminal without any effect.
- They are rapidly destroyed by enzymes.
- They remain permanently bound to the receptors.
What role do enzymes play in the process of neurotransmitter action?
What role do enzymes play in the process of neurotransmitter action?
- Enzymes promote the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors.
- Enzymes regenerate neurotransmitters for future use.
- Enzymes are involved in releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
- Enzymes destroy neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft to terminate their effects. (correct)
Which of the following statements is true regarding the interaction between neurotransmitters and receptors?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the interaction between neurotransmitters and receptors?
- Neurotransmitters must be present indefinitely to elicit a response.
- Neurotransmitters bind irreversibly to receptors.
- Receptors can only interact with one type of neurotransmitter.
- Neurotransmitters detach after eliciting a physiologic response. (correct)
Where does the enzymatic deactivation of neurotransmitters primarily occur?
Where does the enzymatic deactivation of neurotransmitters primarily occur?
What is the physiological role of neurotransmitter agents in synaptic transmission?
What is the physiological role of neurotransmitter agents in synaptic transmission?
What initiates the generation of a sensory impulse in the chemoreceptors of the mouth?
What initiates the generation of a sensory impulse in the chemoreceptors of the mouth?
Which type of nerve fiber transmits sensory impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which type of nerve fiber transmits sensory impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
What role does the spinal cord play after receiving a sensory impulse?
What role does the spinal cord play after receiving a sensory impulse?
What is the function of the effector cell in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the function of the effector cell in the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement correctly describes the process of a sensory impulse reaching the spinal cord?
Which statement correctly describes the process of a sensory impulse reaching the spinal cord?
What happens to the smooth muscle in response to a motor impulse from the spinal cord?
What happens to the smooth muscle in response to a motor impulse from the spinal cord?
Which component of the nervous system is primarily responsible for interpreting sensory impulses?
Which component of the nervous system is primarily responsible for interpreting sensory impulses?
What is the initial response of mechanoreceptors to retained food in the small intestine?
What is the initial response of mechanoreceptors to retained food in the small intestine?
What is the primary action of parasympatholytic drugs?
What is the primary action of parasympatholytic drugs?
Which of the following is an example of a sympathomimetic drug?
Which of the following is an example of a sympathomimetic drug?
What effect does atropine have when administered intravenously?
What effect does atropine have when administered intravenously?
How do sympatholytic drugs primarily affect the sympathetic nervous system?
How do sympatholytic drugs primarily affect the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the mechanism of action for sympathomimetic drugs?
What is the mechanism of action for sympathomimetic drugs?
Which effect is associated with the administration of salbutamol?
Which effect is associated with the administration of salbutamol?
Which autonomic activity can be mostly involuntary but also partly voluntary?
Which autonomic activity can be mostly involuntary but also partly voluntary?
What physiological response occurs due to the action of sympathomimetic agents like adrenaline?
What physiological response occurs due to the action of sympathomimetic agents like adrenaline?
Which statement is true regarding the autonomic centers within the cortex?
Which statement is true regarding the autonomic centers within the cortex?
What is the primary function of Auerbach's Plexus in the enteric nervous system?
What is the primary function of Auerbach's Plexus in the enteric nervous system?
What initiates the autonomic reflex for defecation?
What initiates the autonomic reflex for defecation?
In the autonomic nervous system, what is the effect of sympathetic postganglionic fibers on enteric neurons?
In the autonomic nervous system, what is the effect of sympathetic postganglionic fibers on enteric neurons?
Which plexus is primarily involved in regulating secretory activity of the gastrointestinal tract?
Which plexus is primarily involved in regulating secretory activity of the gastrointestinal tract?
What type of activity is primarily regulated by the enteric nervous system?
What type of activity is primarily regulated by the enteric nervous system?
What effect does the activation of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers have on the enteric nervous system (ENS)?
What effect does the activation of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers have on the enteric nervous system (ENS)?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with cholinergic transmission in the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with cholinergic transmission in the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement about autonomic activities is true?
Which statement about autonomic activities is true?
Which component of the autonomic nervous system is specifically associated with the gastrointestinal region?
Which component of the autonomic nervous system is specifically associated with the gastrointestinal region?
What is the primary effect of sympathetic activation on heart rate?
What is the primary effect of sympathetic activation on heart rate?
What is one of the main types of fibers that inhibit the activity of enteric neurons?
What is one of the main types of fibers that inhibit the activity of enteric neurons?
Which of the following is true regarding the dual innervation of visceral organs?
Which of the following is true regarding the dual innervation of visceral organs?
In the context of defecation, what does a rectal pressure of 18mmHg indicate?
In the context of defecation, what does a rectal pressure of 18mmHg indicate?
Which neural structure is primarily involved in pupil dilation via sympathetic activation?
Which neural structure is primarily involved in pupil dilation via sympathetic activation?
What is an example of a sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction in digestive motility?
What is an example of a sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction in digestive motility?
Where are neurotransmitters released in autonomic nervous system pathways?
Where are neurotransmitters released in autonomic nervous system pathways?
What happens to heart rate if the vagus nerve innervating the sinoatrial (SA) node is cut?
What happens to heart rate if the vagus nerve innervating the sinoatrial (SA) node is cut?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for adrenergic transmission?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for adrenergic transmission?
What is the role of enteric neurons in relation to the digestive tract?
What is the role of enteric neurons in relation to the digestive tract?
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Study Notes
Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Comprises the autonomic (visceral) nervous system, which oversees involuntary functions.
- Divided into the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system.
Sensory and Motor Impulses
- Afferent Nerves: Transmit sensory impulses from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
- Efferent Nerves: Carry motor impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as smooth muscle in the gut.
Enteric Nervous System
- Regulates gastrointestinal (GI) tract activities through two main plexuses:
- Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus): Located in the muscular layer; controls motor activities like peristalsis.
- Meissner’s Plexus: Found in the submucosal layer; manages secretory functions of the GI tract.
Autonomic Activities
- Many autonomic functions are involuntary but can be partially voluntary (e.g., breathing, urination, and defecation).
- Reflex actions are triggered when certain thresholds are exceeded (e.g., bladder stretching).
Dual Innervation
- Most visceral organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, often resulting in opposing effects.
- Examples:
- Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate; parasympathetic decreases it.
- Sympathetic decreases intestinal motility; parasympathetic increases it.
Role of Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (ACh): Main neurotransmitter in cholinergic transmission affecting both somatic and autonomic pathways.
- Norepinephrine (NEP): Key neurotransmitter in adrenergic transmission, primarily affecting sympathetic responses.
Biochemical Transmission
- Neurotransmitter agents mediate motor impulse transmission through the release at synapses.
- Mechanisms include:
- Exocytosis into the synaptic cleft.
- Binding to receptors on target effectors, resulting in physiological responses.
- Subsequent deactivation of the neurotransmitter post-response through enzymatic processes.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Drugs
- Parasympatholytic Drugs:
- Block cholinergic effects; examples include Atropine leading to effects like tachycardia.
- Sympathomimetic Drugs:
- Enhance sympathetic effects; examples include adrenaline for pupil dilation and bronchodilation.
- Sympatholytic Drugs:
- Inhibit sympathetic activity, resulting in a decrease of NEP synthesis and release.
Clinical Applications
- Asthma Treatment: Usage of beta-2 agonists, like Salbutamol, to achieve bronchodilation during bronchoconstriction episodes.
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