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What does the autonomic nervous system primarily contribute to in the body?
What does the autonomic nervous system primarily contribute to in the body?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated during stressful situations?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated during stressful situations?
What physiological response is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
What physiological response is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system located?
Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system located?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?
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During a 'fight or flight' response, blood flow is primarily diverted from where?
During a 'fight or flight' response, blood flow is primarily diverted from where?
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Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is correct?
Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is correct?
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What characterizes the axons of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What characterizes the axons of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the sensory neurons in the myenteric plexus?
What is the primary function of the sensory neurons in the myenteric plexus?
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How do interneurons function within the enteric nervous system?
How do interneurons function within the enteric nervous system?
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Which of the following describes one of the roles of the submucosal plexus?
Which of the following describes one of the roles of the submucosal plexus?
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What kind of input does the enteric nervous system receive from the brain?
What kind of input does the enteric nervous system receive from the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter function is NOT associated with the enteric nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter function is NOT associated with the enteric nervous system?
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What neurotransmitter do 90% of postganglionic neurons primarily release?
What neurotransmitter do 90% of postganglionic neurons primarily release?
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Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
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Where are muchos of the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons located?
Where are muchos of the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons located?
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Which of the following best describes the axons of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
Which of the following best describes the axons of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
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Which section of the spinal cord houses the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
Which section of the spinal cord houses the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
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Which statement about postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system is correct?
Which statement about postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system is correct?
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Which of the following routes do preganglionic sympathetic axons NOT take to reach postganglionic neurons?
Which of the following routes do preganglionic sympathetic axons NOT take to reach postganglionic neurons?
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What is the primary role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which cranial nerve is associated with the ciliary ganglion?
Which cranial nerve is associated with the ciliary ganglion?
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What type of receptors do adrenergic receptors represent?
What type of receptors do adrenergic receptors represent?
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Which intracellular signaling pathway is activated by Gs-type adrenergic receptors?
Which intracellular signaling pathway is activated by Gs-type adrenergic receptors?
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What effects can result from binding of the same neurotransmitter to different adrenergic receptors?
What effects can result from binding of the same neurotransmitter to different adrenergic receptors?
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Which structure innervates the kidney, bladder, rectum, and sexual organs?
Which structure innervates the kidney, bladder, rectum, and sexual organs?
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What is the function of phospholipase C in adrenergic signaling?
What is the function of phospholipase C in adrenergic signaling?
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How do preganglionic sympathetic neurons interact with the adrenal medulla?
How do preganglionic sympathetic neurons interact with the adrenal medulla?
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What role do visceral sensory neurons play in the autonomic nervous system?
What role do visceral sensory neurons play in the autonomic nervous system?
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Which cranial nerves are associated with visceral sensory neurons that contribute to the nucleus of the solitary tract?
Which cranial nerves are associated with visceral sensory neurons that contribute to the nucleus of the solitary tract?
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Where is the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) located?
Where is the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) located?
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What is the function of the upper region of the nucleus of the solitary tract?
What is the function of the upper region of the nucleus of the solitary tract?
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How do sensory feedback and visceral sensory input affect the autonomic nervous system?
How do sensory feedback and visceral sensory input affect the autonomic nervous system?
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What happens after visceral sensory information is processed in the NST?
What happens after visceral sensory information is processed in the NST?
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Which of the following best describes the role of DRG neurons in the autonomic pathways?
Which of the following best describes the role of DRG neurons in the autonomic pathways?
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What is the outcome of changes in the excitability of postganglionic neurons in the ANS?
What is the outcome of changes in the excitability of postganglionic neurons in the ANS?
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What is the main function of the white ramus in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the main function of the white ramus in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which sequence correctly describes the pathway a sympathetic preganglionic fiber might take to innervate a target in the abdomen?
Which sequence correctly describes the pathway a sympathetic preganglionic fiber might take to innervate a target in the abdomen?
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Which ganglia types are primarily targeted by the sympathetic system in the abdomen?
Which ganglia types are primarily targeted by the sympathetic system in the abdomen?
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What physiological response is primarily associated with increased activity of post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons in the cervical ganglion?
What physiological response is primarily associated with increased activity of post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons in the cervical ganglion?
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Which statement correctly describes the function of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?
Which statement correctly describes the function of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?
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What is the role of the grey ramus in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the grey ramus in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following statements about the sympathetic chain/trunk is true?
Which of the following statements about the sympathetic chain/trunk is true?
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What effect does increased activity of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons have on the heart?
What effect does increased activity of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons have on the heart?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System Organization
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates internal body systems to maintain homeostasis, despite external changes.
- Homeostasis is the process that maintains internal body conditions at equilibrium.
- Homeostasis regulates parameters like body temperature, blood pressure, hydration, and acid-base balance.
- The ANS operates involuntarily, without direct conscious control.
ANS Divisions
- The ANS is divided into three branches: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
- Sympathetic: "fight-or-flight" response for active/stressful situations; increases heart rate, dilates pupils and bronchioles, diverting blood flow to muscles.
- Parasympathetic: "rest-and-digest" response; decreases heart rate, constricts pupils and bronchioles, directing blood flow to organs.
- Enteric: regulates gut motility and digestion; embedded in the gastrointestinal tract.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- The sympathetic nervous system uses a two-neuron relay.
- Preganglionic neurons (short, lightly myelinated) originate in the spinal cord (T1-L2) and release acetylcholine (Ach).
- Postganglionic neurons (long, non-myelinated) project to target organs, releasing noradrenaline (NA) in most cases (90%) or acetylcholine (10%) to sweat glands and muscle around hair follicles.
- Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord, and postganglionic cells are in paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia.
- Postganglionic axons project to smooth muscles, glands, and the heart.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- The parasympathetic nervous system also uses a two-neuron relay.
- Preganglionic neurons (long, lightly myelinated) are in the hindbrain and sacral spinal cord (S2-S4) and secrete acetylcholine (Ach).
- Postganglionic neurons (short, nonmyelinated) are close to the target organs and release acetylcholine (Ach),
- These ganglia are in or near target organs (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X; pelvic nerves).
ANS Neurotransmitters
- The ANS uses various neurotransmitters to transmit signals.
- Sympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily release noradrenaline (NA).
- Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily release acetylcholine (Ach).
- Neurotransmitters like neuropeptide Y, VIP and CGRP modulate effects in select situations.
Sensory Input and ANS Regulation
- Sensory feedback from target tissues/organs is important in regulating ANS activity.
- Visceral sensory neurons, from dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerves, send information to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla.
- This input influences autonomic reflex activity as well as widespread adjustments in ANS output.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system with this engaging quiz. Explore topics such as the divisions of the autonomic system, neurotransmitters, and physiological responses. Perfect for students or anyone interested in understanding the complexities of our nervous system.
