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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cerebral aqueduct?
What is the primary function of the cerebral aqueduct?
How do chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla function?
How do chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla function?
What role do astrocytes play in relation to blood vessels in the brain?
What role do astrocytes play in relation to blood vessels in the brain?
In which location of the brain is the insula, or insular cortex, primarily found?
In which location of the brain is the insula, or insular cortex, primarily found?
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Which of the following is NOT an effector of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
Which of the following is NOT an effector of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
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What primarily comprises gray matter in the nervous system?
What primarily comprises gray matter in the nervous system?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle movements?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle movements?
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What is the role of neuroglia in the nervous system?
What is the role of neuroglia in the nervous system?
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The autonomic nervous system is divided into which two branches?
The autonomic nervous system is divided into which two branches?
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Which type of neuroglial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?
Which type of neuroglial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?
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What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
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Which cells are involved in immune defense within the central nervous system?
Which cells are involved in immune defense within the central nervous system?
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Which type of neuron primarily sends sensory information to the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron primarily sends sensory information to the central nervous system?
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What does the Autonomic Nervous System regulate?
What does the Autonomic Nervous System regulate?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Which type of muscle does the Autonomic Nervous System innervate?
Which type of muscle does the Autonomic Nervous System innervate?
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What effect does the Autonomic Nervous System have on saliva production?
What effect does the Autonomic Nervous System have on saliva production?
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Which organ's activity is stimulated by the Autonomic Nervous System?
Which organ's activity is stimulated by the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Which function is associated with the Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Which function is associated with the Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?
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Which of the following statements about cardiac muscles is true?
Which of the following statements about cardiac muscles is true?
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What is the primary function of the afferent nervous system?
What is the primary function of the afferent nervous system?
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Which action is NOT typically associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which action is NOT typically associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following describes the role of the efferent nervous system?
Which of the following describes the role of the efferent nervous system?
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How does the autonomic nervous system generally function?
How does the autonomic nervous system generally function?
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What is the term used to describe the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the term used to describe the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine and epinephrine?
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Which statement is true regarding somatic nervous system functions?
Which statement is true regarding somatic nervous system functions?
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Which function is performed by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which function is performed by the sympathetic nervous system?
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What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Where are the pregaglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located?
Where are the pregaglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which ganglia are located near abdominal and pelvic arteries?
Which ganglia are located near abdominal and pelvic arteries?
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What role does the insula play in the brain?
What role does the insula play in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is released in both pre and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is released in both pre and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the location of the ciliary ganglia?
What is the location of the ciliary ganglia?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Regulates involuntary physiological functions.
-
Sympathetic (fight or flight)
- Increases heart rate
- Dilates pupils
- Inhibits digestion
- Releases norepinephrine and epinephrine.
-
Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- Decreases heart rate
- Constricts pupils
- Stimulates digestion
- Releases acetylcholine.
Neuroglia
- Supporting cells that protect neurons
-
CNS (Central Nervous System)
-
Astrocytes:
- Form blood-brain barrier (BBB)
- Most numerous
-
Oligodendrocytes:
- Form myelin sheath.
-
Microglia:
- Phagocytic cells: engulf pathogens and debris.
-
Astrocytes:
-
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
-
Satellite cells:
- Surround neuron cell bodies
- Provide support and nutrition.
-
Satellite cells:
Neurons
- Nerve cells responsible for transferring and processing information in the Nervous System.
-
Structures:
- Anaxonic
- Multipolar
- Bipolar
- Unipolar
Brain Structures
-
Cerebral aqueduct:
- Channel connecting third and fourth ventricles
- Allows circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
-
Insula:
- Located deep within the lateral sulcus
- Plays a key role in processing internal bodily sensations, emotions, taste, and self-awareness.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
-
Preganglionic neurons:
- Short
- Release acetylcholine.
- Synapse in ganglia.
-
Postganglionic neurons:
- Long
- Extend to effectors (target organs).
- Release norepinephrine.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
-
Preganglionic neurons:
- Long
- Release acetylcholine.
-
Postganglionic neurons:
- Short
- Release acetylcholine.
Ganglia (collections of neuron cell bodies)
-
Sympathetic chain ganglia:
- Next to spinal cord.
- Cervical to sacral region.
-
Collateral ganglia:
- Anterior to vertebral column.
- Near abdominal and pelvic arteries.
-
Terminal (intramural) ganglia:
- Terminal: Near organs.
- Intramural: Inside organs.
Adrenal Medulla
- Not a ganglia
- Releases epinephrine (adrenaline)
Ascending and Descending Pathways
- Ascending: From PNS to CNS (sensory).
- Descending: From CNS to PNS (motor).
Brain Structures
- Precentral gyrus: Motor cortex.
- Postcentral gyrus: Sensory cortex.
White Matter
- Mostly myelinated axons.
- High content of myelin.
- Signal transmission.
Gray Matter
- Composed of cell bodies and dendrites.
- Processes information.
Effectors ANS Regulates
-
Smooth muscle:
- Muscles that line the walls of organs and blood vessels; responsible for involuntary actions like digestion, urination, and blood pressure regulation.
-
Cardiac muscle:
- Specialized muscle tissue found only in the heart; responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
-
Glands:
- Specialized tissues that produce and secrete hormones or other substances; responsible for regulating various bodily functions.
-
Adipose tissue:
- Tissue composed of fat cells; serves as an energy reserve, insulation, and cushioning.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Autonomic Nervous System, including the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. This quiz also covers neuroglia and their functions within the CNS and PNS. Dive into the fascinating world of neurons and supporting cells as you assess your understanding of these essential components of the nervous system.
