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What are the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
What are the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
What is a division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary bodily functions?
What is a division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary bodily functions?
The parasympathetic nervous system predominates during emergency situations.
The parasympathetic nervous system predominates during emergency situations.
False
Which neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic fibers?
Which neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic fibers?
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What are the two types of receptors acetylcholine binds to?
What are the two types of receptors acetylcholine binds to?
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The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the ______ system.
The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the ______ system.
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The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the ______ system.
The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the ______ system.
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Which neurotransmitters are the most common in the Autonomic Nervous System?
Which neurotransmitters are the most common in the Autonomic Nervous System?
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What happens to neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
What happens to neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
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What is the effect of M1 and M3 receptor activation on intracellular calcium levels?
What is the effect of M1 and M3 receptor activation on intracellular calcium levels?
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Distinguish between the G proteins coupled to M2 receptors and M1/M3 receptors.
Distinguish between the G proteins coupled to M2 receptors and M1/M3 receptors.
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What role does phospholipase C play in the signaling pathway of M1 and M3 receptors?
What role does phospholipase C play in the signaling pathway of M1 and M3 receptors?
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How does nicotine affect nicotinic receptors at varying concentrations?
How does nicotine affect nicotinic receptors at varying concentrations?
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What is the primary physiological response associated with M2 receptor activation in cardiac muscle?
What is the primary physiological response associated with M2 receptor activation in cardiac muscle?
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Describe the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the nervous system.
Describe the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the nervous system.
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What is the effect of IP3 in the signaling pathway of M1 and M3 receptor activation?
What is the effect of IP3 in the signaling pathway of M1 and M3 receptor activation?
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What happens to cyclic AMP levels when M2 receptors are activated?
What happens to cyclic AMP levels when M2 receptors are activated?
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Explain the role of preganglionic neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System.
Explain the role of preganglionic neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System.
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Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers in terms of neurotransmitter release.
Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers in terms of neurotransmitter release.
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What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the body during exercise?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the body during exercise?
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Describe the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Describe the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Explain the process of acetylcholine synthesis and its significance in neurotransmission.
Explain the process of acetylcholine synthesis and its significance in neurotransmission.
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Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers in the autonomic nervous system.
Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers in the autonomic nervous system.
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How are neurotransmitters terminated in the synaptic cleft in the Autonomic Nervous System?
How are neurotransmitters terminated in the synaptic cleft in the Autonomic Nervous System?
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What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors and their respective roles?
What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors and their respective roles?
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What are the three mechanisms for terminating neurotransmitter activity at the neuroeffector junction?
What are the three mechanisms for terminating neurotransmitter activity at the neuroeffector junction?
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Discuss the role of signal transduction pathways in the functioning of adrenergic receptors.
Discuss the role of signal transduction pathways in the functioning of adrenergic receptors.
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List and briefly describe the types of cholinergic receptors.
List and briefly describe the types of cholinergic receptors.
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What is the role of muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Characterize the situation under which the parasympathetic nervous system predominates.
Characterize the situation under which the parasympathetic nervous system predominates.
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Describe the two subclasses of adrenergic receptors and their primary functions.
Describe the two subclasses of adrenergic receptors and their primary functions.
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How does acetylcholine degradation occur in the synaptic cleft?
How does acetylcholine degradation occur in the synaptic cleft?
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What roles do the G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors play in signal transduction?
What roles do the G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors play in signal transduction?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS is a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that controls involuntary bodily functions. These functions include heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular secretion.
- The ANS has two main branches:
- The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - "fight or flight" response.
- The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) - "rest and digest" response.
- The ANS relies on a two-neuron system:
- Preganglionic neurons: originate from the CNS and synapse in autonomic ganglia.
- Postganglionic neurons: originate in autonomic ganglia and innervate target organs.
- The synapse between the two neurons is located in an autonomic ganglion.
- The ANS is comprised of two main systems:
- Sympathetic nervous system (Adrenergic system)
- Parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic system)
- The sympathetic system is activated during times of stress, exercise, and emergencies, preparing the body for physical activity.
- The parasympathetic system dominates during resting conditions to conserve energy and regulate basic bodily functions.
Neurotransmission in the ANS
- The two primary neurotransmitters in the ANS are:
- acetylcholine (Ach)
- norepinephrine (NE)
- Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the axon and stored in vesicles for release.
- Fibers that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.
- Fibers that release norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers.
- To enable new signals to reach target tissues, neurotransmitters must be rapidly removed or inactivated from the synapse.
- Termination of neurotransmitter activity can occur through three mechanisms:
- Enzymatic degradation: Neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synapse.
- Reuptake: neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the neuron that released them.
- Diffusion: neurotransmitters move away from the synapse.
Types of ANS Receptors
- Acetylcholine binds to two types of cholinergic receptors:
- Nicotinic receptors
- Muscarinic receptors
- Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors:
- Alpha (α) receptors
- Beta (β) receptors.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
- Also known as the cholinergic system.
- Cholinergic fibers use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
- All preganglionic fibers of the ANS (sympathetic and parasympathetic) are cholinergic.
- All postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system are cholinergic.
- Some sympathetic postganglionic fibers like those innervating sweat glands are cholinergic.
Neurotransmission at Cholinergic Neurons
- Neurotransmission in cholinergic neurons involves six steps:
- Synthesis of ACh.
- Storage of ACh in vesicles.
- Release of ACh into the synapse.
- Binding of ACh to the receptor.
- Degradation of ACh in the synaptic cleft.
- Recycling of choline.
Cholinergic Receptors (Cholinoceptors)
- Two families of cholinoceptors:
- Muscarinic receptors: G protein-coupled receptors, bind to muscarine and acetylcholine.
- Nicotinic receptors: ion channel receptors, found in skeletal muscle, autonomic ganglia, and the brain.
Location of Muscarinic Receptors
- Muscarinic receptors are found on organs such as the heart, smooth muscle, brain, and exocrine glands.
Muscarinic Receptors
- Part of the G protein-coupled receptor class
- Bind to both muscarine and acetylcholine
- Weak affinity for nicotine
- Five subclasses, but only M1, M2, and M3 are well understood.
- Location: autonomic effector organs (e.g., heart, smooth muscle, brain, exocrine glands)
- All five subtypes are found on neurons.
Nicotinic Receptors
- Ligand-gated ion channels
- Activated by acetylcholine (ACh) and nicotine
- Crucial for neurotransmission in both central and peripheral nervous systems
- Binding of ACh or nicotine causes a conformational change that opens the ion channel, allowing sodium ions influx and leading to cell depolarization.
- Nicotine can stimulate or block receptors depending on concentration: low concentration stimulates, high concentration blocks.
Neurotransmission
- Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) are the two most common neurotransmitters released by neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
- These neurotransmitters are synthesized in the axon and stored in vesicles for subsequent release.
- Cholinergic fibers release acetylcholine.
- Adrenergic fibers release norepinephrine.
Termination of Neurotransmitter Activity
- Three mechanisms for termination of neurotransmitter activity:
- Enzymatic degradation
- Reuptake into the neuron
- Diffusion away from the synapse
Types of ANS receptors
- Acetylcholine binds to two types of cholinergic receptors:
- Nicotinic receptors
- Muscarinic receptors
- Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors:
- Alpha (α)
- Beta (β)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
- Also called cholinergic
- All preganglionic fibers of the ANS
- All postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system
- Some sympathetic postganglionic fibers like sweat glands
Neurotransmission at Cholinergic Neurons
- Six sequential steps:
- Synthesis of ACh
- Storage
- Release
- Binding of ACh to the receptor
- Degradation of ACh in the synaptic cleft
- Recycling of choline
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Regulates involuntary bodily functions
- Controls functions like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular secretion.
- Two main divisions:
- Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (fight or flight)
- Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) (rest and digest)
The ANS Neuron
- Contains two neurons:
- Preganglionic neurons (cell body in the CNS)
- Postganglionic neurons (cell body in the autonomic ganglion)
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Systems
-
Sympathetic (Adrenergic System):
- Dominant during emergency, fight-or-flight reactions and exercise
- Prepares the body for strenuous physical activity.
-
Parasympathetic (Cholinergic System):
- Dominant during resting conditions, rest and digest
- Conserves and stores energy, regulates basic body functions (digestion, urination).
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Description
Test your understanding of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its role in controlling involuntary bodily functions. This quiz covers key concepts including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, their functions, and neuron systems. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.