Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Maintaining body temperature and bladder relaxation
  • Regulating visual accommodation and excretion
  • Controlling the 'fright, fight, and flight' response (correct)
  • Regulating digestive processes

    • Which neurotransmitters are utilized by the enteric branch of the autonomic nervous system?

  • A large variety of neurotransmitters (correct)
  • Acetylcholine only
  • Norepinephrine only
  • Dopamine and serotonin only

    • What is the function of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

  • To run out into the CNS and regulate autonomic functions
  • To synapse with preganglionic neurons
  • To control the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
  • To run out into the various organs of the body and have functions with effector tissues (correct)

    • What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating bodily functions?

    <p>To facilitate the response of virtually every organ system to changing external and internal demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the enteric branch and the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches?

    <p>The enteric branch is influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, but can act independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To synapse with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sympathetic output under non-stressful conditions?

    <p>It is organ-specific and part of particular reflex responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a coordinated non-specific activation of the SNS during the fright, fight, and flight response?

    <p>A general cessation of parasympathetic output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of parasympathetic activation?

    <p>It is discrete and organ-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effect of parasympathetic activation on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>An increase in gastrointestinal contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism of the fight or flight response?

    <p>A coordinated non-specific activation of the SNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the SNS within the CNS?

    <p>It is a set of function-specific units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress?

    <p>To prepare the body for immediate action by increasing heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are primarily stimulated by the catecholamines released by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the autonomic nervous system regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Through the regulation of heart rate and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a reflexive response mediated by the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Involuntary increase in heart rate in response to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the enteric nervous system in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To regulate digestion and absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic branch in controlling the body's response to internal and external demands?

    <p>Facilitating the 'fright, fight and flight' response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system has a more widespread innervation and effects?

    <p>Sympathetic branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic branch in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulating digestion, excretion, and visual accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling the body's response to stress?

    <p>Sympathetic branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the parasympathetic branch in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Less widespread innervation and effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two branches of the autonomic nervous system influence the activity of the enteric branch?

    <p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To regulate and maintain homeostasis in response to environmental changes and stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the sympathetic branch during non-stressful conditions?

    <p>Activated, but to a lesser extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system interact to maintain blood pressure?

    <p>The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches work together to maintain a stable blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the enteric branch of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To control the gastrointestinal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Decreases heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the sympathetic branch on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Decreases digestive activity and peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sympathetic nervous system, what type of receptors are present on postganglionic neurons?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sympathetic nervous system, what is the primary neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic fibres?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the ganglion in the parasympathetic system?

    <p>On the walls of the organ being innervated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the sympathetic innervation of sweat glands?

    <p>It releases acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sympathetic nervous system, what is the primary function of the preganglionic fibre?

    <p>To stimulate nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic unique to the parasympathetic branch?

    <p>Less widespread innervation and effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the organs of the body?

    <p>To regulate the body's internal and external demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the enteric branch and the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>The enteric branch is influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the CNS?

    <p>Preganglionic neurons have their cell body in the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling the body's response to internal and external demands?

    <p>It facilitates the response of virtually every organ system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic branch in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Promotes digestion and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic branch on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Decreases heart rate and cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Maintains homeostasis through involuntary actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of the parasympathetic branch in regulating gut motility?

    <p>Increases gut motility through Ach release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches in maintaining blood pressure?

    <p>Sympathetic branch increases BP, parasympathetic branch decreases BP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system regulates heart rate and force of contraction?

    <p>Through β1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmission (NANC) in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To allow for differential control of target cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Decreases GI motility and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Through α1 receptors and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the bladder?

    <p>Relaxation of the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are present on the postganglionic fibre in the parasympathetic system?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the ganglion located in the parasympathetic system?

    <p>On the walls of the organ being innervated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of parasympathetic activation under non-stressful conditions?

    <p>Discrete and organ-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the sympathetic innervation of sweat glands?

    <p>It releases ACh onto muscarinic receptors on sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic system?

    <p>Acetylcholine (ACh)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic activation on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Increased gastrointestinal secretions and peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the preganglionic fibre in the parasympathetic system?

    <p>To release ACh onto nicotinic receptors on postganglionic fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the autonomic nervous system within the CNS?

    <p>Function-specific units with precise organisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic activation on bronchi and pupil?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction and miosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system during non-stressful conditions?

    <p>One component of particular reflex responses that only affect certain organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which doxazosin and Tamsulosin reduce blood pressure?

    <p>By blocking α1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of β-blockers on the heart?

    <p>Decreased frequency of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which labetalol reduces blood pressure?

    <p>By decreasing vascular tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of propranolol on cardiac rhythm?

    <p>Decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which atenolol reduces blood pressure?

    <p>By blocking β1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of neurotransmitter termination in the noradrenergic system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of doxazosin?

    <p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of β-blockers on vascular tone?

    <p>Decreased vascular tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which labetalol reduces side effects compared to α-blockers?

    <p>By blocking α1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of propranolol?

    <p>Treatment of disturbances in cardiac rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic fibres in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-blockers on sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone?

    <p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events during Noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Synthesis and storage of noradrenaline, depolarisation of presynaptic terminal, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of α1-selective blockers?

    <p>Decrease sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of signal termination in Noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Inactivation of noradrenaline by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Phenoxybenzamine on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Voltage-Gated Ca2+ channels in Noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Second messenger cascades in Noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Generation of post-synaptic signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Tamsulosin on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which α-blockers decrease blood pressure?

    <p>Decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists?

    <p>To decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Exocytosis of noradrenaline into the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors throughout the body?

    <p>Increased heart rate and force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events during noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Depolarisation of the presynaptic terminal, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, vesicle fusion with nerve terminal membrane, and exocytosis of noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical application of adrenoreceptor agonists?

    <p>To treat hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists in the clinical setting?

    <p>To decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of signal termination during noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Activation of second messenger cascades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors throughout the body?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which β-blockers decrease cardiac output and blood pressure?

    <p>Decreased vascular tone through direct blockage of sympathetic nervous input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of β-blocker is cardiovascular selective and used in the treatment of disturbances in cardiac rhythm, myocardial infarction, and angina?

    <p>β1-subtype selective β-blocker (Atenolol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenergic signalling is terminated in the synapse?

    <p>Through uptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Doxazosin on the body?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure through α-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of β-blocker is used in the treatment of stable congestive heart failure?

    <p>Labetalol, a β-blocker with α-blocking properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Tamsulosin decreases blood pressure?

    <p>Through α-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary side effect of β-blockers that is due to decreased sympathetic nervous input into the heart?

    <p>Postural hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of β-blocker is non-selective and blocks both β1 and β2 receptors?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which β-blockers decrease cardiac output?

    <p>Decreased force of contraction and frequency of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of Labetalol?

    <p>Treatment of hypertension with fewer side effects than α-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which β-blockers decrease cardiac output and blood pressure?

    <p>Decreased force of contraction and decreased frequency of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Labetalol?

    <p>Stable congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenergic signalling is terminated?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between non-selective and β-selective β-blockers?

    <p>Non-selective β-blockers block both α and β receptors, while β-selective β-blockers block only β receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Doxazosin and Tamsulosin on benign prostatic hyperplasia?

    <p>Reduced symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of β1-subtype selective β-blockers over non-selective β-blockers?

    <p>Fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic fibres in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-blockers on blood pressure?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events during Noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>Depolarisation of presynaptic terminal, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, vesicle fusion with nerve terminal membrane and exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of phenoxybenzamine on the body?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of doxazosin?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between doxazosin and phentolamine?

    <p>Doxazosin is a selective blocker, while phentolamine is non-selective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To regulate smooth muscle contraction and increase blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doxazosin and tamsulosin on the body?

    <p>Decreased force of contraction and frequency of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Noradrenergic synaptic transmission, what is the primary mechanism of signal termination?

    <p>Reuptake of noradrenaline by the presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of β-blockers?

    <p>Directly block sympathetic nervous input into the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using selective alpha-blockers such as Doxazosin over non-selective blockers?

    <p>Decreased risk of reflex tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Voltage-Gated Ca2+ channels in Noradrenergic synaptic transmission?

    <p>To regulate the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following β-blockers is used to treat stable congestive heart failure?

    <p>Labetalol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Phenoxybenzamine and Phentolamine?

    <p>Phenoxybenzamine is an irreversible competitive antagonist, while Phentolamine is a reversible competitive antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of terminating noradrenergic signalling in the synapse?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of doxazosin on the body?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which alpha-adrenergic receptors regulate blood pressure?

    <p>Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction and increase in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following β-blockers is cardioselective?

    <p>Atenolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

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