Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
- Controlling voluntary muscle movements
- Facilitating conscious thought processes
- Regulating sensory perception
- Maintaining homeostatic conditions within the body (correct)
During which conditions does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system demonstrate increased output?
During which conditions does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system demonstrate increased output?
- Stress and anxiety (correct)
- Relaxation and calmness
- Sleep and rest
- Digestion and metabolic rest
Which of the following is NOT a division of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a division of the autonomic nervous system?
- Enteric division
- Sympathetic division
- Parasympathetic division
- Cerebral division (correct)
Which organ system is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system?
Which organ system is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system?
What response is commonly associated with the activation of the sympathetic division?
What response is commonly associated with the activation of the sympathetic division?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger the autonomic nervous system?
How does the autonomic nervous system assist in regulating reproduction?
How does the autonomic nervous system assist in regulating reproduction?
Which of the following is a feature of the parasympathetic division?
Which of the following is a feature of the parasympathetic division?
What is primarily stimulated by the parasympathetic division during rest and digestion?
What is primarily stimulated by the parasympathetic division during rest and digestion?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the urinary bladder?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the urinary bladder?
In the eye, the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for which of the following?
In the eye, the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for which of the following?
Which of the following is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
During physical activity, which of the following occurs due to the sympathetic nervous system?
During physical activity, which of the following occurs due to the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following effects is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following effects is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
What happens to blood flow in the skin when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
What happens to blood flow in the skin when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the stomach?
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the stomach?
Which receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction in the skin and kidneys?
Which receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction in the skin and kidneys?
What effect does adrenaline have on cardiac muscle during sympathetic stimulation?
What effect does adrenaline have on cardiac muscle during sympathetic stimulation?
Which of the following best describes the effect of β2-adrenergic receptors?
Which of the following best describes the effect of β2-adrenergic receptors?
In which part of the heart is the SA node located?
In which part of the heart is the SA node located?
How does sympathetic stimulation generally affect smooth muscle (SM) contraction?
How does sympathetic stimulation generally affect smooth muscle (SM) contraction?
What is the primary role of α2-adrenergic receptors?
What is the primary role of α2-adrenergic receptors?
Which type of adrenergic receptor is associated with relaxing smooth muscle in blood vessels?
Which type of adrenergic receptor is associated with relaxing smooth muscle in blood vessels?
Which autonomic nervous system component is responsible for decreasing heart rate?
Which autonomic nervous system component is responsible for decreasing heart rate?
What is the function of β1-adrenergic receptors?
What is the function of β1-adrenergic receptors?
Which of the following is true regarding the role of α-adrenergic receptors in sympathetic stimulation?
Which of the following is true regarding the role of α-adrenergic receptors in sympathetic stimulation?
What is the primary role of the sino-atrial (SA) node in the heart?
What is the primary role of the sino-atrial (SA) node in the heart?
How does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?
How does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?
Which of the following receptors is primarily associated with increasing heart muscle contraction?
Which of the following receptors is primarily associated with increasing heart muscle contraction?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate?
The adrenergic receptor associated with smooth muscle contraction is which type?
The adrenergic receptor associated with smooth muscle contraction is which type?
What neurotransmitter do postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic nervous system release to sweat glands?
What neurotransmitter do postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic nervous system release to sweat glands?
Which G-protein does the Beta (β) adrenergic receptor signal through?
Which G-protein does the Beta (β) adrenergic receptor signal through?
Which of the following is an exception to the general rule of sympathetic stimulation?
Which of the following is an exception to the general rule of sympathetic stimulation?
What is the role of stimulatory G proteins in cellular signaling?
What is the role of stimulatory G proteins in cellular signaling?
Which second messenger is produced by the action of phospholipase C?
Which second messenger is produced by the action of phospholipase C?
Which type of receptor generally produces faster effects?
Which type of receptor generally produces faster effects?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released in the sympathetic nervous system at the postganglionic level?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released in the sympathetic nervous system at the postganglionic level?
Which adrenergic receptor type is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction in blood vessels?
Which adrenergic receptor type is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction in blood vessels?
What unique characteristic does the adrenal medulla have in the sympathetic nervous system?
What unique characteristic does the adrenal medulla have in the sympathetic nervous system?
In which organs does adrenaline cause vasodilation?
In which organs does adrenaline cause vasodilation?
What type of receptor is the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor categorized as?
What type of receptor is the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor categorized as?
What is the synthesis ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla?
What is the synthesis ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla?
What effect does stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors have on blood vessels?
What effect does stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors have on blood vessels?
What type of neurons convey information from tissues and organs to the central nervous system (CNS)?
What type of neurons convey information from tissues and organs to the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary action of inhibitory G proteins?
What is the primary action of inhibitory G proteins?
How is the action of adrenaline different depending on the organ?
How is the action of adrenaline different depending on the organ?
What is the role of efferent neurons in the nervous system?
What is the role of efferent neurons in the nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction in the somatic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction in the somatic nervous system?
What is the function of inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) as a second messenger?
What is the function of inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) as a second messenger?
Which type of receptor is classified as ionotropic and opens ion channels upon activation?
Which type of receptor is classified as ionotropic and opens ion channels upon activation?
How many neurons are involved in the efferent pathway of the autonomic nervous system?
How many neurons are involved in the efferent pathway of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?
What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?
Which type of receptors are found at the postganglionic effector cells in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which type of receptors are found at the postganglionic effector cells in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What effect does stimulation of the M2 muscarinic receptors in the heart have?
What effect does stimulation of the M2 muscarinic receptors in the heart have?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
What is a key characteristic of metabotropic receptors?
What is a key characteristic of metabotropic receptors?
The connection between the first and second neurons in the autonomic nervous system occurs at which structure?
The connection between the first and second neurons in the autonomic nervous system occurs at which structure?
What effect does acetylcholine have when binding to nicotinic receptors?
What effect does acetylcholine have when binding to nicotinic receptors?
Which type of receptor is NOT a subtype of muscarinic receptors?
Which type of receptor is NOT a subtype of muscarinic receptors?
Flashcards
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
A control system that regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion. It acts without conscious control.
Functions of the ANS
Functions of the ANS
Maintains internal balance (homeostasis), prepares the body for stress or activity, and helps control reproduction with the endocrine system.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Divisions
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Divisions
The ANS is divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are the major pathways for controlling organs.
Sympathetic Division
Sympathetic Division
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What does the sympathetic division do?
What does the sympathetic division do?
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ANS and Involuntary Organs
ANS and Involuntary Organs
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Sympathetic Division Activities
Sympathetic Division Activities
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What are exocrine glands?
What are exocrine glands?
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Parasympathetic Nervous System Role
Parasympathetic Nervous System Role
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Pupil Constriction
Pupil Constriction
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Salivary Gland Function
Salivary Gland Function
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Heart Rate Control
Heart Rate Control
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Digestive System Stimulation
Digestive System Stimulation
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Bladder Control
Bladder Control
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Male Reproductive Function
Male Reproductive Function
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Female Reproductive Function
Female Reproductive Function
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Where is heart rate controlled?
Where is heart rate controlled?
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What is the SA node's role?
What is the SA node's role?
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How does the autonomic nervous system influence heart rate?
How does the autonomic nervous system influence heart rate?
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What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation?
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation?
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What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation?
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What are adrenergic receptors?
What are adrenergic receptors?
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What are the main types of adrenergic receptors?
What are the main types of adrenergic receptors?
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How do adrenergic receptors influence cell function?
How do adrenergic receptors influence cell function?
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Neuron
Neuron
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Afferent Neuron
Afferent Neuron
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Efferent Neuron
Efferent Neuron
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Interneuron
Interneuron
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Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
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Efferent Pathway, Somatic Nervous System
Efferent Pathway, Somatic Nervous System
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Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
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Nicotinic Receptor
Nicotinic Receptor
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Preganglionic Neuron
Preganglionic Neuron
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Postganglionic Neuron
Postganglionic Neuron
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Synapse
Synapse
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
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Muscarinic Receptor
Muscarinic Receptor
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Metabotropic Receptor
Metabotropic Receptor
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α-adrenergic receptors
α-adrenergic receptors
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β-adrenergic receptors
β-adrenergic receptors
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Adrenaline's effect on blood vessels
Adrenaline's effect on blood vessels
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Sympathetic stimulation and α-adrenergic receptors
Sympathetic stimulation and α-adrenergic receptors
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Sympathetic stimulation and β-adrenergic receptors
Sympathetic stimulation and β-adrenergic receptors
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α1 adrenergic receptors
α1 adrenergic receptors
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α2 adrenergic receptors
α2 adrenergic receptors
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β1 adrenergic receptors
β1 adrenergic receptors
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β2 adrenergic receptors
β2 adrenergic receptors
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Autonomic nervous system and heart rate control
Autonomic nervous system and heart rate control
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Second messengers
Second messengers
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Ionotropic receptors
Ionotropic receptors
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G proteins
G proteins
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Gs
Gs
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cAMP
cAMP
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Gaq/11
Gaq/11
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IP3
IP3
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DAG
DAG
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Gi
Gi
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Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
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Parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
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Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS regulates involuntary functions, like sweating and heart rate, without conscious thought.
- This is different to the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary actions like moving your arm.
- It is divided into 3 divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
Functions of the ANS
- Maintaining homeostasis, keeping the body's internal conditions stable.
- Coordinating responses to situations like exercise and stress.
- Working with the endocrine system to regulate reproduction.
- Regulating involuntary organs like the heart, blood vessels, exocrine glands, and visceral organs.
Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
- Sympathetic: Involved in "fight or flight" responses occurring during stress, anxiety, physical activity, fear, or excitement.
- Increased output results in increased metabolic resource use.
- Parasympathetic: Involved in "rest and digest" functions associated with sedentary activity, eating, and restoration of body reserves.
- Increased output promotes restorative processes and conservation of energy.
- Enteric: A network of neurons surrounding the GI tract. It can function independently but is often controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Neurons
- Neurons are nerve cells that communicate via electrical signals.
- Afferent neurons carry signals from tissues and organs to the central nervous system (sensory information).
- Efferent neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to tissues and organs (motor information).
- Interneurons connect neurons within the central nervous system.
- Axons transmit signals over long distances.
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
- Acetylcholine (ACh) is a key neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic system.
- Parasympathetic: ACh acts on nicotinic receptors at the ganglion, and then muscarinic receptors in the effector organ.
- Sympathetic: ACh acts on nicotinic receptors at the ganglion and then noradrenaline (norepinephrine) acts on adrenergic receptors in the effector organ.
- Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream to act on adrenergic receptors.
Receptors
- Ionotropic receptors: These receptors directly change the flow of ions through the cell membrane.
- Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic. They are activated by ACh and are found at the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Muscle receptors are also nicotinic.
- Metabotropic receptors: These receptors are linked to intracellular signaling pathways that involve second messengers.
Adrenergic Receptors
- Two main families: Alpha (α) and Beta (β).
- Alpha receptors generally cause vasoconstriction,
- Beta receptors generally cause vasodilation. (But not always depending on the subtype)
- There are various subtypes of alpha and beta receptors that mediate different responses in different tissues. For instance, Beta-1 receptors increase heart rate.
ANS Control of Specific Organs
- Heart: Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and force whereas parasympathetic stimulation decreases them.
- Lungs: Sympathetic stimulation relaxes bronchioles whereas parasympathetic stimulation constricts them.
- Gastrointestinal tract: Sympathetic stimulation inhibits GI function whereas parasympathetic stimulation stimulates it.
- Liver: Sympathetic stimulation increase hepatic glycogenolysis whereas parasympathetic activity generally has less effect.
- Urinary bladder: Sympathetic stimulation relaxes the bladder and constricts the urinary sphincter (decreasing urination). Parasympathetic stimulation contracts the bladder and relaxes the urinary sphincter (increasing urination).
Summary of ANS
- Convergence: Many preganglionic neurons synapse with a single postganglionic neuron, enabling fine control over the effector organ (e.g. precise control over heart rate).
- Divergence: A single preganglionic neuron can synapse with multiple postganglionic neurons, amplifying a signal and allowing widespread and rapid response (e.g. "fight or flight" response).
- Higher Brain Control: The hypothalamus, pons, and medulla oblongata modulate autonomic activity.
Autonomic Pathways
- Somatic: A single neuron pathway from CNS to effector organ.
- Autonomic: Two neuron pathway from CNS to effector organ. The first neuron is preganglionic and synapses with the second neuron in a ganglion, which is then postganglionic, connected to the effector organ.
Exceptions to the Rule
- For the sweat gland, postganglionic fibers use ACh to stimulate it, this is different to typical sympathetic pathways which use noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system, including its primary functions, divisions, and regulatory mechanisms. This quiz covers key concepts such as sympathetic and parasympathetic responses and their impact on various organ systems.
