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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?
What type of fibers does the autonomic nervous system predominantly use to innervate involuntary organs?
What type of fibers does the autonomic nervous system predominantly use to innervate involuntary organs?
In terms of physiological variation, the autonomic nervous system primarily adapts to what?
In terms of physiological variation, the autonomic nervous system primarily adapts to what?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenaline is removed from the synaptic cleft?
What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenaline is removed from the synaptic cleft?
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Which receptor is NOT associated with noradrenaline's signaling pathways?
Which receptor is NOT associated with noradrenaline's signaling pathways?
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Where is adrenaline primarily metabolized in the body?
Where is adrenaline primarily metabolized in the body?
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What role does phospholipase C serve in the signaling pathway associated with adrenergic receptors?
What role does phospholipase C serve in the signaling pathway associated with adrenergic receptors?
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Which of the following statements about acetylcholine receptors is correct?
Which of the following statements about acetylcholine receptors is correct?
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What is the primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?
What is the primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?
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Which of the following actions is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following actions is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the lungs?
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the lungs?
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What is the net effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the vascular system?
What is the net effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the vascular system?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the adrenal glands during sympathetic activation?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the adrenal glands during sympathetic activation?
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Which response is NOT a consequence of sympathetic nervous system activation?
Which response is NOT a consequence of sympathetic nervous system activation?
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What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the urinary system?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the urinary system?
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Which of the following is a metabolic effect of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is a metabolic effect of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system when activated?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system when activated?
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Which of the following is NOT a fate of the preganglionic neurone in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a fate of the preganglionic neurone in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the release of adrenaline in response to sympathetic activation?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the release of adrenaline in response to sympathetic activation?
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What type of muscle do somatic nerves innervate?
What type of muscle do somatic nerves innervate?
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What type of fibers run through the anterior spinal nerves toward a sympathetic ganglion?
What type of fibers run through the anterior spinal nerves toward a sympathetic ganglion?
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In the context of the autonomic nervous system, the target organs of the sympathetic system typically include which of the following?
In the context of the autonomic nervous system, the target organs of the sympathetic system typically include which of the following?
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What is the main neurotransmitter released by postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the main neurotransmitter released by postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Where do synapses of the sympathetic nervous system typically occur in relation to target organs?
Where do synapses of the sympathetic nervous system typically occur in relation to target organs?
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Which option describes the action of sympathetic fibers that ascend to form a synapse?
Which option describes the action of sympathetic fibers that ascend to form a synapse?
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Which type of nerve fibers are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which type of nerve fibers are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following systems carries sensory information from the internal organs?
Which of the following systems carries sensory information from the internal organs?
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Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic outflow?
Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic outflow?
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Which ganglion is NOT classically associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Which ganglion is NOT classically associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary outflow of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary outflow of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What type of receptors are activated by acetylcholine at autonomic ganglia?
What type of receptors are activated by acetylcholine at autonomic ganglia?
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What is a unique characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system's connection to the adrenal medulla?
What is a unique characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system's connection to the adrenal medulla?
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Which of the following is a correct statement about the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is a correct statement about the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the location of synapses in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the location of synapses in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the precursor to the formation of adrenaline and noradrenaline?
What is the precursor to the formation of adrenaline and noradrenaline?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?
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Which type of receptor primarily increases heart rate and contractility?
Which type of receptor primarily increases heart rate and contractility?
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What effect do beta 2 (β2) adrenergic receptors have on the lungs?
What effect do beta 2 (β2) adrenergic receptors have on the lungs?
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Which of the following actions is associated with alpha 2 (α2) adrenoreceptors?
Which of the following actions is associated with alpha 2 (α2) adrenoreceptors?
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What is the primary function of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in catecholamine synthesis?
What is the primary function of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in catecholamine synthesis?
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How is noradrenaline primarily stored in sympathetic neurons?
How is noradrenaline primarily stored in sympathetic neurons?
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What happens upon calcium influx at the sympathetic nerve terminus?
What happens upon calcium influx at the sympathetic nerve terminus?
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Which adrenergic receptor type primarily promotes glycogenolysis?
Which adrenergic receptor type primarily promotes glycogenolysis?
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Which cardiovascular effect is NOT increased by beta 1 (β1) adrenergic receptor activation?
Which cardiovascular effect is NOT increased by beta 1 (β1) adrenergic receptor activation?
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Which physical effect is associated with alpha 1 (α1) adrenergic receptors?
Which physical effect is associated with alpha 1 (α1) adrenergic receptors?
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What effect do catecholamines generally have on gastrointestinal (GI) motility?
What effect do catecholamines generally have on gastrointestinal (GI) motility?
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In which organ does renin release increase as a result of beta 1 (β1) receptor activation?
In which organ does renin release increase as a result of beta 1 (β1) receptor activation?
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Which physiological response is NOT a result of beta 2 (β2) adrenergic receptor activation?
Which physiological response is NOT a result of beta 2 (β2) adrenergic receptor activation?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions
- It controls organs such as the heart, lungs, and digestive system
- Its function is to maintain homeostasis
Learning Outcome
- Students should be able to explain the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- Consideration should be given to synapses, ganglia, and adrenergic receptors.
Why Have an Autonomic Nervous System?
- The autonomic nervous system's role involves adaptation.
- Physiological variation assists organisms in adapting to changing environments
- Consistent physiological features within a population signify robust functioning.
Key Concept on Physiological Variation
- Physiological variations are adaptive mechanisms
- Consistent features within a population are crucial for understanding strong physiological functioning.
Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system has two main branches: Sympathetic and parasympathetic
- The somatic nerves control voluntary muscles such as skeletal muscle
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary organs (visceral)
Autonomic vs Somatic
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary organs (e.g., heart, lungs, digestive system.)
- Somatic nerves control voluntary muscles (e.g., skeletal muscles).
Neurons of the Central Nervous System
- Neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord regulate the effects of the autonomic nervous system
- The autonomic nervous system has two pathways: sympathetic and parasympathetic
- Both pathways interact to maintain homeostasis within the body.
Synapses and Ganglia
- Between the central nervous system and target organs, there is typically one synapse in a ganglion.
- Sympathetic pathway: uses acetylcholine at the preganglionic synapse, then noradrenaline
- Parasympathetic pathway uses acetylcholine at both preganglionic and postganglionic synapses.
Sympathetic Nervous System Outflow
- The sympathetic nervous system has a craniocaudal outflow of fibres from nerves (III, VII, IX, X)
- Most sympathetic neurons have synapses closer to the target organ than parasympathetic neurons.
- Sympathetic ganglia travel via rami communicantes
Sympathetic Ganglia
- Sympathetic ganglia follow four general fates for preganglionic neurons
- Synapsing and continuing along the spinal nerve.
- Ascending to form a synapse, sometimes returning via the grey rami.
- Moving through the ganglion to a prevertebral ganglion.
Sympathetic Nervous System Differences
- The sympathetic nervous system has a thoracolumbar outflow (T1-L2/3) and its ganglia are slightly further from the target organ.
- The sympathetic nervous system travels via pre- and paravertebral ganglia.
Catecholamines
- Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) are derived from tyrosine
- Tyrosine hydroxylase is a key enzyme in their synthesis; inhibited by noradrenaline.
- Dopamine is a precursor to noradrenaline and adrenaline, and both are made from the methylation of noradrenaline
Adrenal Medulla
- The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and (small quantities of) noradrenaline
Adrenergic Receptors
- Catecholamines bind to adrenergic receptors on the cell surface.
- Adrenergic receptors are not uniformly distributed
Alpha Adrenergic Receptors (α Receptors)
- Alpha 2 (α2) receptors: vasoconstriction, metabolic effects
- Alpha 1 (α1) receptors: vasoconstriction, metabolic effects
Beta Adrenergic Receptors (β Receptors)
- Beta 1 (β1) receptors: affect heart rate, contractility, and cardiac conduction
- Beta 2 (β2) receptors: modulate lungs, blood vessels, and metabolic processes
Acetylcholine Receptors
- Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that binds to specific receptors.
Removal and Degradation
- Noradrenaline is primarily removed by reuptake into the nerve terminal.
- Some noradrenaline is taken up into vesicles and recycled.
- Adrenaline is removed via peripheral circulation, metabolized in the liver and kidneys, or taken up by NET transporters at nerve terminals.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system, focusing on its functions, neurotransmitters, and physiological adaptations. This quiz covers key aspects of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, helping you to better understand their roles in involuntary organ innervation.
