Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the autonomic nervous system, collections of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system are referred to as what?
In the autonomic nervous system, collections of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system are referred to as what?
- Ganglia (correct)
- Plexuses
- Tracts
- Nuclei
Which of the following best describes the functional divergence between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Which of the following best describes the functional divergence between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
- The somatic nervous system only affects skeletal muscles; the autonomic nervous system solely affects glandular secretion.
- The somatic nervous system utilizes a two-neuron setup, whereas the autonomic nervous system uses a single neuron.
- The somatic nervous system controls involuntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system controls voluntary movements.
- The somatic nervous system primarily governs voluntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions. (correct)
Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
- Acetylcholine (correct)
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
- Dopamine
Which of the following characteristics is exclusive to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following characteristics is exclusive to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons acting on smooth muscle effectors, EXCEPT sweat glands?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons acting on smooth muscle effectors, EXCEPT sweat glands?
Which effect would muscarinic receptor antagonists have on the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which effect would muscarinic receptor antagonists have on the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following responses is mediated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following responses is mediated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system?
Activation of beta-2 (β₂) adrenergic receptors in the bronchioles results in what physiological response?
Activation of beta-2 (β₂) adrenergic receptors in the bronchioles results in what physiological response?
Which scenario accurately describes the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone in regulating bodily functions?
Which scenario accurately describes the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone in regulating bodily functions?
Which of the following accurately describes the physiological effects of stimulating alpha-1 (α₁) adrenergic receptors?
Which of the following accurately describes the physiological effects of stimulating alpha-1 (α₁) adrenergic receptors?
How does the autonomic nervous system regulate blood pressure through the sympathetic division?
How does the autonomic nervous system regulate blood pressure through the sympathetic division?
In what way does the parasympathetic nervous system influence bladder function?
In what way does the parasympathetic nervous system influence bladder function?
Which receptor type primarily mediates the sympathetic nervous system's stimulation of cardiac muscle, leading to increased heart rate and contractility?
Which receptor type primarily mediates the sympathetic nervous system's stimulation of cardiac muscle, leading to increased heart rate and contractility?
Which statement accurately relates receptor location to the autonomic function?
Which statement accurately relates receptor location to the autonomic function?
How does stimulation of dopamine (D₁) receptors in the renal vasculature influence kidney function?
How does stimulation of dopamine (D₁) receptors in the renal vasculature influence kidney function?
Which action would result from blocking muscarinic receptors at the neuroeffector junction?
Which action would result from blocking muscarinic receptors at the neuroeffector junction?
Considering the effects of autonomic stimulation on the eye, what is the combined outcome of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation?
Considering the effects of autonomic stimulation on the eye, what is the combined outcome of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation?
Which response does the sympathetic nervous system elicit when it stimulates the pilomotor smooth muscles in the skin?
Which response does the sympathetic nervous system elicit when it stimulates the pilomotor smooth muscles in the skin?
How does the autonomic nervous system affect metabolic functions, specifically in the liver?
How does the autonomic nervous system affect metabolic functions, specifically in the liver?
What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on the male genitalia?
What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on the male genitalia?
Which of the following best describes the state of the uterus under parasympathetic influence?
Which of the following best describes the state of the uterus under parasympathetic influence?
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations differ in their effects on salivary glands?
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations differ in their effects on salivary glands?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism through which Beta-3 (β₃) adrenergic receptors mediate lipolysis in adipose cells?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism through which Beta-3 (β₃) adrenergic receptors mediate lipolysis in adipose cells?
The primary effect of the somatic nervous system on skeletal muscles differs from the parasympathetic nervous system's influence on the same tissues in what significant way?
The primary effect of the somatic nervous system on skeletal muscles differs from the parasympathetic nervous system's influence on the same tissues in what significant way?
An autoimmune disorder targets nicotinic (N) receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Which symptom is most likely?
An autoimmune disorder targets nicotinic (N) receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Which symptom is most likely?
A drug selectively blocks beta-1 (β₁) adrenergic receptors. What therapeutic effect is most likely sought by prescribing this medication?
A drug selectively blocks beta-1 (β₁) adrenergic receptors. What therapeutic effect is most likely sought by prescribing this medication?
How does the adrenal medulla contribute to sympathetic nervous system activity, and how does it differ from direct sympathetic innervation?
How does the adrenal medulla contribute to sympathetic nervous system activity, and how does it differ from direct sympathetic innervation?
Following a spinal cord injury at the thoracic level, a patient experiences difficulty regulating blood pressure. Which autonomic function is most directly compromised?
Following a spinal cord injury at the thoracic level, a patient experiences difficulty regulating blood pressure. Which autonomic function is most directly compromised?
Which of the following is a classic sign of parasympathetic nervous system overstimulation?
Which of the following is a classic sign of parasympathetic nervous system overstimulation?
How does the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) operate somewhat independently of the CNS, and what are its primary functions?
How does the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) operate somewhat independently of the CNS, and what are its primary functions?
A patient with heart failure is prescribed a medication that increases intracellular levels of cAMP in cardiac cells. Through which receptor is this drug most likely acting?
A patient with heart failure is prescribed a medication that increases intracellular levels of cAMP in cardiac cells. Through which receptor is this drug most likely acting?
If a patient has a tumor of the adrenal medulla, which secretes high levels of epinephrine, what set of symptoms is MOST likely to manifest?
If a patient has a tumor of the adrenal medulla, which secretes high levels of epinephrine, what set of symptoms is MOST likely to manifest?
What are the implications of the sympathetic nervous system’s influence on fat cells and kidney function during a prolonged stress response?
What are the implications of the sympathetic nervous system’s influence on fat cells and kidney function during a prolonged stress response?
The presence of what receptors on cardiac cells explains why stimulation from sympathetic nerves increases heart rate and contractility but stimulation from parasympathetic nerves decreases heart rate?
The presence of what receptors on cardiac cells explains why stimulation from sympathetic nerves increases heart rate and contractility but stimulation from parasympathetic nerves decreases heart rate?
A new drug selectively stimulates alpha-2 (α₂) adrenergic receptors. Which symptom is the patient most likely to experience?
A new drug selectively stimulates alpha-2 (α₂) adrenergic receptors. Which symptom is the patient most likely to experience?
What is the functional rationale behind the parasympathetic nervous system's exclusive control over the digestive system?
What is the functional rationale behind the parasympathetic nervous system's exclusive control over the digestive system?
In a scenario where a patient is experiencing a severe allergic reaction with bronchoconstriction, which receptor should a drug target so alleviate the patient symptoms?
In a scenario where a patient is experiencing a severe allergic reaction with bronchoconstriction, which receptor should a drug target so alleviate the patient symptoms?
Flashcards
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as heartbeat and digestion.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The control center, the brain, and the spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves branching out from the CNS.
Afferent Division
Afferent Division
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Efferent Division
Efferent Division
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Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Enteric Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
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Ganglion
Ganglion
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
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Sympathetic Effect on Pupils
Sympathetic Effect on Pupils
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Parasympathetic Effect on Pupils
Parasympathetic Effect on Pupils
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Sympathetic Effects on Heart
Sympathetic Effects on Heart
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Parasympathetic Effects on Heart
Parasympathetic Effects on Heart
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Sympathetic Effects on GIT
Sympathetic Effects on GIT
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Parasympathetic Effects on GIT
Parasympathetic Effects on GIT
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Sympathetic effect on male genitalia
Sympathetic effect on male genitalia
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Parasympathetic effect on male genitalia
Parasympathetic effect on male genitalia
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Study Notes
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Organization of Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord
- Input to the CNS from the periphery occurs via the afferent division
- Output from the CNS to the periphery occurs via the efferent division
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has an afferent and efferent division
- The afferent division of the PNS carries sensory and visceral stimuli
- The efferent division of the PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
- The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles
- The autonomic nervous system regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, and some endocrine glands
- The autonomic nervous system includes sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
- The enteric nervous system solely affects the digestive organs
Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic nervous system anatomy involves a one neuron setup; autonomic involves a two neuron setup
- A ganglion, a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS, is exclusive to the ANS
- Somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement, like contraction of skeletal muscle
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary movement, like heartbeat, contraction of blood vessels, and sweat glands
- Somatic nervous system uses a single neuron from CNS to effector organs and heavily myelinated axons
- Autonomic nervous system uses a two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs; lightly myelinated preganglionic and nonmyelinated postganglionic axons
- The neurotransmitter at the effector in the somatic nervous system is Acetylcholine (ACh), resulting in a stimulatory effect
- The neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine (NE) , causing varying stimulatory or inhibitory effects depending on neurotransmitter and receptors on effector organs
- The sympathetic nervous system also causes the adrenal medulla to release Epinephrine and Norepinephrine into the blood vessels
- Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACh)
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Origin of parasympathetic nerves from the spine is cranial (cervical) and sacral
- Origin of sympathetic nerves from spine is thoracic and lumbar
- Receptors for parasympathetic nerves are Nicotinic (N) and Muscarinic (M), with Acetylcholine neurotransmitter
- Receptors for sympathetic nerves are A (alpha), B (beta), and D (dopamine) with Catecholamines neurotransmitters
Receptor, Location, G Protein, Second Messenger, and Major Functions
- Alpha₁, located in effector tissues (smooth muscle, glands), uses Gq protein, increasing IP3 and DAG, leading to increased Ca²⁺, which causes contraction and secretion
- Alpha₂, located in nerve endings and some smooth muscle, uses Gᵢ protein, decreasing cAMP, leading to decreased transmitter release (nerves) and contraction (muscle)
- Beta₁, located in cardiac muscle and the juxtaglomerular apparatus, uses Gₛ protein, increasing cAMP, leading to increased heart rate, force, and renin release
- Beta₂, located in smooth muscle, liver, and heart, uses Gₛ protein, increasing cAMP, leading to relaxed smooth muscle, increased glycogenolysis, heart rate, and force
- Beta₃, located in adipose cells, uses Gₛ protein, increasing cAMP, leading to lipolysis
- Dopamine (D₁), located in smooth muscle, uses Gₛ protein, increasing cAMP, leading to relaxed renal vascular smooth muscle
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Effects
- The sympathetic nervous system causes pupil dilation (far vision), while the parasympathetic causes constriction (near vision)
- The sympathetic nervous system causes bronchodilation, The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchoconstriction
- The sympathetic nervous system has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart
- The parasympathetic nervous system has negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart
- The sympathetic nervous system closes sphincters and decreases motility and secretions in the GIT
- The parasympathetic nervous system opens sphincters, increases motility and secretions in the GIT
- The sympathetic nervous system closes the bladder sphincter and relaxes the wall muscles
- The parasympathetic nervous system opens the bladder sphincter and causes wall muscle contraction
- The sympathetic nervous system causes male ejaculation, while the parasympathetic facilitates erection
- The sympathetic nervous system relaxes the uterus, while the parasympathetic contracts it
- The sympathetic nervous system produces thick, viscid saliva, while the parasympathetic produces copious, watery saliva and secretions
- The sympathetic nervous system causes pilimotor smooth muscle contraction and increased sweating in the skin
- The parasympathetic nervous system causes skeletal muscle contraction
- The sympathetic nervous system has a role in metabolic functions: liver (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis), fat cells (lipolysis), kidneys (renin release)
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