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Questions and Answers
Which regions of the spinal cord do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic (thoraco-lumbar outflow) system arise from?
What chemical transmitters are commonly found in the sympathetic nervous system?
What type of fibers are characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which chemical transmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What part of the nervous system is often referred to as the 'brain of the gut'?
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What functions are controlled by the enteric nervous system?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- Responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions
Sympathetic (Thoraco-Lumbar Outflow)
- Preganglionic neurons arise from thoracic and lumbar regions (L1 to L2) of spinal cord
- Composed of short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers
- Chemical transmitters: adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
- Exception: thermoregulatory sweat glands and adrenal medulla release ACh
Parasympathetic (Cranio-Sacral Outflow)
- Preganglionic neurons arise from cranial nerves 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and sacral segments 2, 3, and 4
- Composed of long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers
- Chemical transmitter: ACh (Acetylcholine)
Enteric Neurons
- Innervate gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gallbladder
- Often referred to as the "brain of the gut"
- Functions independently of central nervous system (CNS)
- Controls motility, exocrine, and endocrine secretions
- Modulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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Description
Explore the autonomic nervous system, responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Learn about the structures and functions of these systems.
