Autonomic Nervous System and Airway Control Quiz

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What effect does epinephrine have on the airways?

Increases airway resistance

Causes bronchoconstriction

Causes bronchodilation (correct)

Stimulates mucus production

What branch of the ANS causes bronchoconstriction?

Central nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system (correct)

Enteric nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

How does Acetylcholine affect the airway?

Increases mucus production

Causes bronchodilation

Causes bronchoconstriction (correct)

Decreases heart rate

What is the main cause of airway resistance?

Factors like mucus, inflammation, or bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between external respiration and internal respiration?

External respiration involves gas exchange between lungs and blood; internal respiration involves gas exchange between blood and tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves are responsible for contracting the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during breathing?

Phrenic nerve; diaphragm and intercostal nerves; intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Why does the parasympathetic nervous system cause bronchoconstriction in the airways?

By releasing acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucous coat in the stomach?

Protects the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What are some causes of GERD (acid reflux) in the esophagus?

Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, hiatal hernia, obesity Signup and view all the answers

What are Helicobacter pylori?

Bacteria that can cause stomach ulcers and gastritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histamine in the stomach?

Stimulates acid secretion by parietal cells Signup and view all the answers

In what area of the duodenum does the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct meet?

Hepatopancreatic ampulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is bile, where is it produced and stored, and what is its function?

Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, emulsifies fats. Signup and view all the answers

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K Signup and view all the answers

What two hormones are produced in the pancreatic islets, and what is their function?

Insulin and glucagon; insulin lowers blood glucose levels, glucagon raises blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Starch is broken down to its disaccharide, maltose, by the enzyme

Amylase Signup and view all the answers

Where does lipid digestion, absorption, and transport take place?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of bronchoconstriction in the airways?

Water absorption, feces formation Signup and view all the answers

Where does most nutrient absorption take place?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for bronchoconstriction in the airways?

Lymphatic capillaries in the villi; absorb and transport fats Signup and view all the answers

What leads to an increase in airway resistance?

Bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Know how lipid digestion and absorption occur.

Lipids are digested by pancreatic lipase and absorbed into enterocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the liver?

Metabolism, detoxification, bile production, storage of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CCK and what stimulates their release?

CCK is released in response to fats and proteins, stimulates bile release and pancreatic enzyme secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein?

Hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood; hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract Signup and view all the answers

How is carbon dioxide transported?

Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or dissolved in plasma Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory system respond to high CO2 levels resulting in lower pH?

Volume increases, pressure decreases, facilitating inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What are the Structures of the respiratory system?

Respiratory zone, conducting zone Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the connection between the right main bronchus and aspiration?

The right main bronchus is narrower and more vertical than the left, making it more susceptible to aspirated foreign objects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately compares intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure in relation to airflow?

Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity, always slightly negative compared to atmospheric pressure, aiding in lung expansion. In contrast, intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the lung alveoli, which decreases during inhalation and increases during exhalation, driving airflow. Signup and view all the answers

During quiet inhalation, how do the intercostal muscles move?

Contract and pull the rib cage downward and inward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the process of inhalation?

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity, and decreasing intrapulmonary pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

In quiet inhalation, what is the main role of the intercostal muscles?

Contract and push the rib cage downward and inward Signup and view all the answers

How do the intercostal muscles contribute to breathing during exercise?

Contracting and pulling the rib cage inward Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during forced exhalation?

Contracts and moves downward Signup and view all the answers