36 Questions
What effect does epinephrine have on the airways?
Causes bronchodilation
What branch of the ANS causes bronchoconstriction?
Parasympathetic nervous system
How does Acetylcholine affect the airway?
Causes bronchoconstriction
What is the main cause of airway resistance?
Factors like mucus, inflammation, or bronchoconstriction
What are the differences between external respiration and internal respiration?
External respiration involves gas exchange between lungs and blood; internal respiration involves gas exchange between blood and tissues.
Which nerves are responsible for contracting the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during breathing?
Phrenic nerve; diaphragm and intercostal nerves; intercostal muscles
Why does the parasympathetic nervous system cause bronchoconstriction in the airways?
By releasing acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
What is the purpose of the mucous coat in the stomach?
Protects the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes
What are some causes of GERD (acid reflux) in the esophagus?
Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, hiatal hernia, obesity
What are Helicobacter pylori?
Bacteria that can cause stomach ulcers and gastritis
What is the function of histamine in the stomach?
Stimulates acid secretion by parietal cells
In what area of the duodenum does the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct meet?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?
Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
What is bile, where is it produced and stored, and what is its function?
Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, emulsifies fats.
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What two hormones are produced in the pancreatic islets, and what is their function?
Insulin and glucagon; insulin lowers blood glucose levels, glucagon raises blood glucose levels
Starch is broken down to its disaccharide, maltose, by the enzyme
Amylase
Where does lipid digestion, absorption, and transport take place?
Small intestine
What is the primary cause of bronchoconstriction in the airways?
Water absorption, feces formation
Where does most nutrient absorption take place?
Small intestine
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for bronchoconstriction in the airways?
Lymphatic capillaries in the villi; absorb and transport fats
What leads to an increase in airway resistance?
Bronchoconstriction
Know how lipid digestion and absorption occur.
Lipids are digested by pancreatic lipase and absorbed into enterocytes.
What is the function of the liver?
Metabolism, detoxification, bile production, storage of nutrients
What is the function of CCK and what stimulates their release?
CCK is released in response to fats and proteins, stimulates bile release and pancreatic enzyme secretion.
What is the function of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein?
Hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood; hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract
How is carbon dioxide transported?
Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or dissolved in plasma
How does the respiratory system respond to high CO2 levels resulting in lower pH?
Volume increases, pressure decreases, facilitating inhalation
What are the Structures of the respiratory system?
Respiratory zone, conducting zone
Which statement describes the connection between the right main bronchus and aspiration?
The right main bronchus is narrower and more vertical than the left, making it more susceptible to aspirated foreign objects.
Which of the following statements accurately compares intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure in relation to airflow?
Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity, always slightly negative compared to atmospheric pressure, aiding in lung expansion. In contrast, intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the lung alveoli, which decreases during inhalation and increases during exhalation, driving airflow.
During quiet inhalation, how do the intercostal muscles move?
Contract and pull the rib cage downward and inward
Which of the following accurately describes the process of inhalation?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity, and decreasing intrapulmonary pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
In quiet inhalation, what is the main role of the intercostal muscles?
Contract and push the rib cage downward and inward
How do the intercostal muscles contribute to breathing during exercise?
Contracting and pulling the rib cage inward
What happens to the diaphragm during forced exhalation?
Contracts and moves downward
Test your knowledge on how the autonomic nervous system influences airway diameter through bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation. Learn about the effects of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and acetylcholine, and factors that contribute to airway resistance like mucus, inflammation, and bronchoconstriction.
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