Nervous Systems
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Nervous Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of neurons in the nervous system?

  • Secreting neurotransmitters
  • Generating electrical impulses
  • Processing information (correct)
  • Producing glial cells

    • Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

  • Astrocytes (correct)
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes

    • What is the role of microglia in the nervous system?

  • Myelinating CNS axons
  • Assisting in the production of CSF
  • Removing debris and waste by phagocytosis (correct)
  • Nurturing neurons

    • What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?

    <p>Myelinating CNS axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus?

    <p>Act as a final relay point for sensory information before transmission to the cortex and serves as a filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the nervous system?

    <p>Control the autonomic nervous system, regulate emotional and behavioral patterns, and control body temperature and circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for adjusting postural muscles and fine-tuning conscious and subconscious movements?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the medulla in the brain?

    <p>Regulate vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain contains functional areas such as the sensory cortex, association areas, and integrative centers for complex analytical functions?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the spinal cord in neural responses?

    <p>Participate in neural responses through spinal reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the spinal cord?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nervous tissue?

    <p>Neurons and glia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is protected by bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Central nervous system (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cranial nerves?

    <p>Innervate the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the motor cortex and pre-motor cortex in the nervous system?

    <p>Coordinate voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the division of the white matter in the spinal cord for conveying sensory and motor impulses?

    <p>Ascending and descending tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the resting membrane potential (RMP) in neurons?

    <p>K+ efflux and a small Na+ influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts the resting membrane potential (RMP) based on ion concentrations and assumes full permeability to the ion?

    <p>The Nernst equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equation considers the permeability of all ions relative to K+ and explains the RMP of neurons?

    <p>The Goldman constant field equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the nerve impulse propagated in myelinated axons?

    <p>Salutatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the absolute refractory period (RP) after an action potential (AP)?

    <p>The membrane is inexcitable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrical synapses occur between neurons?

    <p>Through gap junctions, allowing direct ion movement between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium ions in synaptic vesicle release of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Dependent on calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time period after an action potential when it is difficult to generate a second action potential?

    <p>Refractory period (RP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of chemical synapses in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic, and dendrodendritic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of neurotransmitter release in chemical synapses?

    <p>Neurotransmitter release into the synaptic gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence for the role of calcium ions in vesicle release?

    <p>Experiments with calcium chelators and fluorescence imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts the resting membrane potential (RMP) based on ion concentrations and assumes full permeability to the ion?

    <p>The Nernst equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Initiating 'fight or flight' responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

    <p>Craniosacral outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers depolarization to threshold in the action potential?

    <p>Local currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ionic basis of the action potential?

    <p>Increased Na+ permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do visceral afferents terminate, generating autonomic reflexes?

    <p>Brainstem nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood?

    <p>Direct innervation by some sympathetic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulating gastrointestinal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in reflexes like baroreceptors?

    <p>Reacting to danger by overriding normal reflex control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak reversal of membrane potential in the action potential?

    <p>-60mV to +40mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Governing 'rest and digest' activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in terms of innervation?

    <p>Dual antagonistic, single, and dual nonantagonistic innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of phosphorylation of synapsin proteins?

    <p>Release of vesicles from the cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are involved in priming the vesicle prior to fusion and release of neurotransmitter?

    <p>Syntaxin and SNAP-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of excitatory neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane?

    <p>Depolarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of inhibitory transmitter release at an inhibitory synapse?

    <p>Hyperpolarisation of the postsynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Synaptic integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether an action potential is generated in a postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>The balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion channels do excitatory neurotransmitters typically open?

    <p>Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

    <p>A graded response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where effects of the excitatory transmitter release at different synapses add together to give a larger total response?

    <p>Spatial summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of repeated stimulation of a single excitatory synapse?

    <p>Increased peak of the EPSP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of IPSPs on a postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Hyperpolarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which neurotransmitters produce changes in postsynaptic potential?

    <p>Opening receptor-operated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurophysiology: Autonomic Nervous System and Action Potential

    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates visceral functions and maintains internal homeostasis, consisting of sympathetic (SANS) and parasympathetic (PANS) divisions, and the enteric division.
    • The SANS, responsible for "fight or flight" responses, has preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar outflow and utilizes acetylcholine and noradrenaline as neurotransmitters.
    • The PANS, governing "rest and digest" activities, has preganglionic neurons in the craniosacral outflow and uses acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter.
    • Both SANS and PANS have specific patterns of innervation, including dual antagonistic, single, and dual nonantagonistic innervation.
    • Visceral afferents enter the spinal cord via the dorsal horn, terminating in various brainstem nuclei, thalamus, and hypothalamus, generating autonomic reflexes and controlling visceral homeostasis.
    • The action potential (AP) is the transitory reversal of membrane potential, involving depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization, driven by changes in ion permeability and voltage-gated channels.
    • The ionic basis of the AP involves increased Na+ permeability, reaching the Na+ electrochemical equilibrium potential, which triggers depolarization to threshold by local currents.
    • The AP peaks at a reversal of membrane potential from -60mv to +40mV, followed by inactivation of sodium channels and opening of voltage-regulated potassium channels, leading to repolarization.
    • The ANS has overarching central control, with communication of information occurring through membrane phenomena, transitory reversal of membrane potential, and conduction of information along nerve cells.
    • The ANS encompasses reflexes, such as baroreceptors, that react to danger by overriding normal reflex control, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output.
    • The ANS is responsible for fast, predictable automatic responses to stimuli in the environment, such as spinal reflexes that involve the dorsal column pathway and information about joint sense and fine discriminatory touch.
    • The SANS has exceptions in its organization, with some preganglionic neurons passing through paravertebral ganglia without synapsing and directly innervating the adrenal gland, leading to the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the autonomic nervous system and action potential with this quiz. Explore the divisions of the ANS, neurotransmitters, innervation patterns, visceral reflexes, and the ionic basis of the action potential. Gain insights into the central control of the ANS and its role in generating fast, predictable responses to environmental stimuli.

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