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Questions and Answers
What characterizes immunodeficient mice?
What characterizes immunodeficient mice?
Why are nude mice considered useful for cancer research?
Why are nude mice considered useful for cancer research?
What does SCID stand for?
What does SCID stand for?
What is the primary impact of the mutation causing SCIDs in mice?
What is the primary impact of the mutation causing SCIDs in mice?
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What type of cells do SCID mice lack in secondary lymphoid organs?
What type of cells do SCID mice lack in secondary lymphoid organs?
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How can SCID mice be utilized in research?
How can SCID mice be utilized in research?
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What is a common characteristic of nude mice?
What is a common characteristic of nude mice?
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What conditions must be maintained for SCID mice to survive?
What conditions must be maintained for SCID mice to survive?
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What is the primary characteristic of SCID mice that makes them valuable for research?
What is the primary characteristic of SCID mice that makes them valuable for research?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?
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What process leads to the release of histamine in Type I hypersensitivity?
What process leads to the release of histamine in Type I hypersensitivity?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity?
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What can be a consequence of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What can be a consequence of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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How are Type I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions classified?
How are Type I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions classified?
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Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response?
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response?
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What triggers the sensitization process in Type I hypersensitivity?
What triggers the sensitization process in Type I hypersensitivity?
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What causes cytotoxicity in antibodies?
What causes cytotoxicity in antibodies?
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What condition is associated with antibodies targeting type IV collagen in the basement membrane?
What condition is associated with antibodies targeting type IV collagen in the basement membrane?
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What is the most common type of lupus affecting various tissues in the body?
What is the most common type of lupus affecting various tissues in the body?
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How does streptococcal infection lead to glomerulonephritis?
How does streptococcal infection lead to glomerulonephritis?
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What characterizes type III hypersensitivity reactions?
What characterizes type III hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which antibody classes are primarily involved in the formation of immune complexes in type III hypersensitivity?
Which antibody classes are primarily involved in the formation of immune complexes in type III hypersensitivity?
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What is a common site for immune complex deposition in type III hypersensitivity?
What is a common site for immune complex deposition in type III hypersensitivity?
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What is the purpose of the Mantoux tuberculin skin test?
What is the purpose of the Mantoux tuberculin skin test?
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What is the primary mediator in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary mediator in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
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What timeframe characterizes the reaction of Type IV hypersensitivity?
What timeframe characterizes the reaction of Type IV hypersensitivity?
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Which condition is NOT typically associated with Type IV hypersensitivity?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with Type IV hypersensitivity?
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What component specifically initiates the sensitization of T helper cells in Type IV hypersensitivity?
What component specifically initiates the sensitization of T helper cells in Type IV hypersensitivity?
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Which cell types are included in the lymphoid lineage?
Which cell types are included in the lymphoid lineage?
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In what scenario would you see a delayed inflammatory response due to T cell activation?
In what scenario would you see a delayed inflammatory response due to T cell activation?
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What is a common example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
What is a common example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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Which of the following cells is part of the myeloid lineage?
Which of the following cells is part of the myeloid lineage?
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Study Notes
Autoimmune Disorders: Animal Models
- Immunodeficient mice have defects in one or more immune components (like T, B, or NK cells).
- Triple immunodeficient mice can host xenografts (tissue from other species), human immune cells, and enable studies of tumor biology, immunology, infectious disease, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), hematopoiesis, and tissue transplantation.
Nude Mice
- Nude mice were the first immunocompromised strain used in cancer research.
- They lack a thymus and have a suppressed immune system due to fewer T cells.
- Nude mice don't reject tumors, making them ideal for tumor and tissue studies.
- They are hairless, aiding in tumor identification.
SCID Mouse Model
- SCID stands for severe combined immunodeficiency disease.
- SCID mice exhibit a severe deficiency that affects both B and T lymphocytes (white blood cells involved in the immune response).
- SCID mice have been invaluable for research on a wide range of topics, including human stem cell development, human diseases, their interactions with the human immune system, vaccinations, and cancer.
- The mutation in SCID mice was discovered from the CB/17 mouse line and is due to a mutation in the gene for a protein kinase.
- The protein plays a crucial role in repairing double-stranded DNA breaks. This process is essential for B and T cell development, specifically V, D, or J segment rearrangements within DNA.
- SCID mice have lymphocyte precursors but are unable to mature into fully functional B and T lymphocytes.
- As a result, they lack these cells in their thymus and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Some SCID mice can produce monocytes, granulocytes, and erythrocytes from their bone marrow, but they commonly die young unless kept under sterile conditions.
SCID Mice in Research
- SCID mice can be used in research related to human physiology and diseases, as they can accept human hematopoietic stem cells.
- This enables the development of human adaptive immune cells in the mouse, allowing study in in vivo conditions.
Hypersensitivity
- Hypersensitivity describes exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses to antigens or allergens.
- Immediate hypersensitivity reactions occur within 24 hours and affect type I, II, and III reactions.
- Four types of hypersensitivity:
- Type I: Mediated by IgE antibodies, causing allergies and anaphylaxis.
- Type II: Cytotoxic reactions through IgG or IgM antibodies.
- Type III: Immune complex-mediated reactions.
- Type IV: Delayed reactions mediated by T cells.
Type I Hypersensitivity
- This occurs within minutes after exposure to an allergen.
- Antibodies (IgE) bind to mast cells and basophils.
- Subsequent exposure to the allergen leads to cross-linking of IgE antibodies.
- Release of potent chemical mediators (histamine, etc.) causes the allergic reaction.
- A severe reaction can lead to anaphylaxis.
Type II Hypersensitivity
- Characterized by IgG / IgM antibodies attacking target cells.
- Examples:
- Haemolytic disease of the newborn
- Autoimmune haemolytic anemia
- Goodpasture's syndrome.
Type III Hypersensitivity
- Immune complexes (antigen-antibody) deposit in tissues.
- This activates the complement system leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
- Examples:
- Serum sickness
- Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
Type IV Hypersensitivity
- Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (24-72 hrs).
- T cell-mediated, and not antibody-mediated.
- Examples:
- Contact dermatitis
- Mantoux test for tuberculosis
Specific Impaired Functions in Lymphoid and Myeloid Lineages
- Lymphoid lineage includes T, B, and NK cells.
- Myeloid lineage includes megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages.
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Description
This quiz explores the use of immunodeficient mouse models in autoimmune disorder research. Learn about the unique characteristics of nude and SCID mice, and their importance in studying tumor biology, immunology, and tissue transplantation. Test your knowledge on these crucial models in biomedical research.
