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Autoimmune Destruction of B-Cells in Diabetes

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Autoimmune Destruction of B-Cells in Diabetes

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Questions and Answers

What proinflammatory cytokines are produced by macrophages when activated by diabetogenic factors?

Interleukin-2, interferon-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta

Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-beta, interleukin-10

Interferon-beta, interleukin-5, tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (correct)

Which gene is expressed in the B-cell by IL-1, leading to increased nitric oxide production and contributing to beta-cell destruction?

GLUT2 gene

Leptin gene

INOS gene (correct)

INS gene

What effect do nicotinamide and aminoguanidine have on beta-cell destruction in type 1 DM?

Increase INOS expression

Inhibit INOS expression and reduce NO formation (correct)

Reduce insulin production

Intensify NO formation

What is the significance of reduced GLUT 2 levels on the cytoplasmic membrane of beta cells?

Reduced sensitivity to glucose and decreased insulin production (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does immune-mediated type 1 DM typically present in terms of age?

Mostly in children and adolescents (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following markers is NOT a typical indicator of immune destruction of B-cells?

Autoantibodies to proinsulin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role played by T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Initiation and development of the autoimmune process leading to the destruction of insulin-synthesising cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic marker of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Proinflammatory cytokine levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which isoform of NO synthase appears in cells when the levels of proinflammatory cytokines increase and can be secreted directly into the B-cell?

Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells initiate the cascade of immune responses leading to B-cell destruction in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Resident macrophages of the islets of Langerhans (D) Signup and view all the answers