Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in social communication?
What is a characteristic of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in social communication?
- Excellent nonverbal communication skills
- Lack of reciprocity in social interaction (correct)
- Strong interest in building relationships
- Ability to maintain many friendships
What is a common comorbid disorder with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a common comorbid disorder with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Anxiety disorder
- Eating disorder
- Bipolar disorder
- Intellectual disability (correct)
What is a possible genetic contribution to Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a possible genetic contribution to Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Paternal age (correct)
- Grandparental age
- Siblings with ASD
- Advanced maternal age
Which brain region is implicated in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Which brain region is implicated in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a characteristic of brain structure in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a characteristic of brain structure in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a possible cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a possible cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a common difficulty in social cognition in infants and toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a common difficulty in social cognition in infants and toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is an early deficit in social cognition in infants and toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is an early deficit in social cognition in infants and toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What are the three areas of social communication deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
What are the three areas of social communication deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
What is a common comorbid condition with autism spectrum disorder?
What is a common comorbid condition with autism spectrum disorder?
What is the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in boys compared to girls?
What is the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in boys compared to girls?
What is a characteristic of restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
What is a characteristic of restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
What is a unique strength of individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
What is a unique strength of individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
What is the age range in which autism spectrum disorder typically emerges?
What is the age range in which autism spectrum disorder typically emerges?
What is a common deficit in social cognition exhibited by infants and toddlers who are later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder?
What is a common deficit in social cognition exhibited by infants and toddlers who are later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder?
What is a factor that influences the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder?
What is a factor that influences the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder?
Which brain structure is responsible for face processing and is often underactive in individuals with ASD?
Which brain structure is responsible for face processing and is often underactive in individuals with ASD?
What is a characteristic of the amygdala in individuals with ASD?
What is a characteristic of the amygdala in individuals with ASD?
What is a common deficit in children with ASD?
What is a common deficit in children with ASD?
What is the primary principle of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
What is the primary principle of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
What is the typical age of first diagnosis for ASD?
What is the typical age of first diagnosis for ASD?
What is a common difficulty experienced by children with ASD during preschool age?
What is a common difficulty experienced by children with ASD during preschool age?
What is a characteristic of the prefrontal cortex in individuals with ASD?
What is a characteristic of the prefrontal cortex in individuals with ASD?
What is a risk factor for ASD?
What is a risk factor for ASD?
What is the primary goal of the Pivotal Response Treatment?
What is the primary goal of the Pivotal Response Treatment?
Which approach views autism as a developmental disorder?
Which approach views autism as a developmental disorder?
What is the primary function of Augmentative and Alternative Communication?
What is the primary function of Augmentative and Alternative Communication?
What is the main focus of the TEACCH program?
What is the main focus of the TEACCH program?
What is the primary goal of the Picture Exchange Communication System?
What is the primary goal of the Picture Exchange Communication System?
What is the main benefit of Speech-Generating Devices?
What is the main benefit of Speech-Generating Devices?
Which of the following interventions has limited scientific support?
Which of the following interventions has limited scientific support?
What is the main goal of Reciprocal Imitation and Joint Attention Training?
What is the main goal of Reciprocal Imitation and Joint Attention Training?
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Study Notes
Description and Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder
- ASD is a disorder characterized by social communication deficits, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and unique strengths.
- The prevalence of ASD varies by gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
- Early deficits in social cognition typically shown by infants and toddlers who are later diagnosed with ASD include:
- Social-emotional reciprocity deficits
- Nonverbal communication deficits
- Deficits in interpersonal relationships
- Restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities include:
- Stereotyped or repetitive behavior
- Excessive adherence to routines
- Fixated interests
- Unusual sensitivity to sensory input
- Comorbid disorders with ASD include:
- Intellectual disability
- Communication disorders
Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than girls.
- Boys have higher IQ scores than girls with ASD.
- Boys have more profound deficits in IQ than girls with ASD.
- Girls have more social communication problems and sleep and mood problems than boys with ASD.
- Girls have better social linguistic functioning than boys with ASD.
- Hormone differences may contribute to the prevalence of ASD in boys.
Causes and Delays in Social Cognition
- Genetic and environmental factors contribute to ASD.
- The heritability of ASD is high.
- Advanced parental age and grandparental age are associated with an increased risk of ASD.
- Abnormalities in brain structure and functioning, including:
- Social brain
- Synaptic density and neural connections
- Head circumference and brain density
- Growth dysregulation hypothesis
- Three brain regions implicated in ASD:
- Amygdala (social and emotional functioning)
- Fusiform gyrus (face processing)
- Prefrontal cortex (executive function)
Identification, Prevention, and Treatment
- Early signs of ASD include:
- Social-emotional reciprocity deficits
- Nonverbal communication deficits
- Deficits in interpersonal relationships
- Routine screening is recommended for early diagnosis.
- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is an evidence-based approach to treat ASD.
- Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) addresses motivation and self-regulation.
- TEACCH is a comprehensive program for youth with ASD.
- The Developmental Social-Pragmatic Model focuses on social communication skills.
- The Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) combines two approaches to treat ASD.
- Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) compensates for language deficits.
- Speech-Generating Devices (SGDs) provide new options for communication.
- Medications are used to treat ASD.
- Interventions with limited scientific support should be avoided.
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