Augustine on Human Nature and the Spirit World

Questions and Answers

What does Augustine believe about the aspect of man in relation to the Divine?

Man's body is eternal.

Man's essence is solely material.

Imperfect beings seek to connect with the Divine. (correct)

The spirit is bound to die like the body.

According to Thomas Aquinas, what are the two components that make up a human being?

Matter and form. (correct)

Emotion and intellect.

Mind and body.

Soul and spirit.

What is the fundamental assertion of Rene Descartes regarding existence?

Existence is dependent on sensory experience.

Doubt leads to knowledge.

Self-existence cannot be questioned. (correct)

Human beings lack certainty.

How does Hume view the concept of the 'self'?

The self is a compilation of impressions. Signup and view all the answers

What is Kant's criticism of the notion that the self is merely a bundle of impressions?

It overlooks the role of the mind. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher viewed human knowledge as primarily derived from experience?

David Hume Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'soul' play in Thomas Aquinas's philosophy?

It animates the body and defines humanity. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a person's basic identity and sense of self?

Moi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Descartes' view of the relationship between the body and mind?

The mind is a machine connected to the body. Signup and view all the answers

How do Filipinos generally perceive their territory?

As part of who they are Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of language is highlighted as being intimately tied to love in Filipino culture?

Articulation of love Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the social concepts influencing behavior in a given context?

Personne Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains a person adapting to varying circumstances while maintaining their core identity?

Multifaceted self Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mahal' signify in Filipino language aside from 'love'?

Expensive Signup and view all the answers

In what context might a Filipino be more law-abiding compared to their behavior at home?

In a foreign country Signup and view all the answers

According to Marcel Mauss, what are the two aspects of self?

Moi and personne Signup and view all the answers

What two methods does the symptothermal method combine?

Basal body temperature method and cervical mucus method Signup and view all the answers

How does an ovulation detection kit determine ovulation?

By predicting the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of coitus interruptus?

Presence of spermatozoa in pre-ejaculation fluid Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the oral contraceptive primarily aim to suppress?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

How is the transdermal patch used for contraception?

One patch is applied every week for three weeks Signup and view all the answers

Where should the transdermal patch be applied?

Upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after the vaginal ring is removed?

Fertility is restored Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cervical mucus method in the symptothermal approach?

To gauge ovulation timing based on mucus changes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the self according to the provided content?

It is always unique. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective asserts that mind and body are intertwined?

Phenomenology Signup and view all the answers

Why is the self considered to be ever-changing and dynamic?

It interacts constantly with external reality. Signup and view all the answers

What does social constructionism suggest about the self?

The self is merged with their social context. Signup and view all the answers

According to Merleau-Ponty, what is crucial in defining the self?

The behaviors a person manifests. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of the self being private indicate?

The self sorts out personal thoughts and feelings internally. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the self interact with external reality?

It evolves based on the challenges presented by reality. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the self as described?

Unchanging and constant. Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms experienced by women that suggest a possible infection?

Itching, burning, and discharge from the vagina Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following natural methods involves refraining from sexual intercourse?

Abstinence Signup and view all the answers

How are the safe days calculated in the calendar method of natural family planning?

By tracking menstrual cycles for six months Signup and view all the answers

What change in basal body temperature indicates that a woman has ovulated?

A gradual decrease followed by an increase of at least 1°F Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of cervical mucus during ovulation?

Copious, thin, and watery with spinnbarkeit Signup and view all the answers

Which natural family planning method depends on observing the consistency of cervical mucus?

Cervical mucus method Signup and view all the answers

Why might some individuals prefer natural family planning methods?

They do not involve any chemical or foreign body introduction Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of the abstinence method as a form of contraception?

It completely prevents sexually transmitted infections Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Augustine

Reflects medieval views on humans, integrating Socratic duality and Christian doctrine.
Asserts that man's imperfect nature yearns for the Divine and immortality.
Body faces death while spirit anticipates eternal joy.

Thomas Aquinas

Recognized scholar proposing a Christian perspective of humanity.
Describes humans as comprising two components: matter and form.
Matter (Greek: hyle) constitutes the physical universe.
Form (Greek: morphe) represents the essence or substance of beings.
Soul is essential, animating the body and defining humanity.

Rene Descartes

Proposes the duality of body and mind.
Famous for The Meditations of First Philosophy, emphasizing skepticism.
Argues that anything uncertain may be false, leading to doubt.
Certainty lies in the existence of the self: "Cogito ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am").
Views self as a combination of body (a machine) and mind (the essence).

David Hume

Scottish philosopher focused on experiential knowledge.
Describes the self as not an independent entity but a series of experiences.
Asserts that knowledge is gained through sensory experiences.
Defines the self as a collection of perceptions or impressions.

Immanuel Kant

Challenges the notion of the self as merely a collection of impressions.
Proposes the mind regulates impressions and constructs ideas (termed "apparatus of the mind").
The self aids in recognizing and organizing various impressions, contributing to identity.

Gilbert Ryle

Emphasizes behavior as the essence of the self.
Defines the self as a term for actions and behaviors in daily life.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

A phenomenologist rejecting Cartesian dualism.
Proposes that mind and body are interconnected and inseparable.
Suggests that thoughts, emotions, and physical experiences form a unified experience.

Characteristics of the Self

Separate: Each self is unique and cannot be another person, not even twins.
Self-contained: The self possesses independent thoughts and volition.
Consistent: Enduring personality traits create predictability in behavior.
Unitary: Central hub for all experiences and thoughts.
Private: Internal sorting of feelings and information; isolated from external influences.

The Self and External Reality

Conversely shaped by interaction with external factors, leading to a dynamic identity.
Social constructionists advocate for an integrated view of personal identity and social context.
The self is multifaceted, constantly adapting to its surroundings.

The Self and Culture

French anthropologist Marcel Mauss proposes two faces of the self:
- Moi: A person's intrinsic sense of identity and biological essence.
- Personne: The social conception of identity influenced by family, culture, and societal expectations.
Example: Behavior shifts in different cultural contexts, emphasizing adaptability.
Filipino values reflect embodiment of cultural identity, such as the connection to place and language.

Contraception Methods

Natural Methods

Abstinence: Most effective; 0% fail rate in preventing STIs.
Calendar Method: Predicts fertile days based on menstrual cycles.
Basal Body Temperature: Monitors temperature changes to determine ovulation.
Cervical Mucus Method: Observes cervical mucus changes to indicate fertility.
Sympothermal Method: Combines BBT and cervical mucus observations.
Ovulation Detection: Uses kits to detect luteinizing hormone surges.
Coitus Interruptus: Withdrawal method to prevent conception, though less reliable.

Artificial Methods

Oral Contraceptives: Pills containing estrogen and progesterone; prevent ovulation.
Transdermal Patch: Weekly patch releasing hormones; avoided in fourth week for menstruation.
Vaginal Ring: Hormone-releasing silicone ring inserted for three weeks, removed for menstruation.

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Description

Explore Augustine's profound views on the human person, emphasizing duality and the integration of Christian doctrine. This quiz delves into the relationship between the body and spirit, highlighting man's pursuit of immortality and divine connection. Test your understanding of these medieval concepts and Augustine's influence on philosophy and theology.