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Questions and Answers
What type of joint is characterized by having no movement?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of synovial fluid?
Which anatomical structure covers the bony surfaces in a synovial joint?
What type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?
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In which movement do you decrease the angle between two body parts?
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Which movement involves moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
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What is the primary purpose of ligaments in synovial joints?
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Which type of joint permits little movement?
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What type of movement is characterized by a circular motion involving several joints?
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Which accessory structure in joints provides friction relief?
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What movement is described by the action of moving the forearm with the palm facing forward?
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Which of the following joints is classified as a ball and socket joint?
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What type of joint is the elbow primarily classified as?
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During which movement does the forearm move such that the palm is facing backward?
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Which of these movements is NOT associated with the hip joint?
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Which ligaments are associated with the stability of the elbow joint?
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What type of movement is allowed by the knee joint apart from flexion and extension?
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Which movement refers to the circular motion at joints like the shoulder and hip?
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What is the primary function of the annular ligament in the elbow?
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Which movements are primarily facilitated by the shoulder joint?
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Study Notes
Joints
- Joints are also known as articulations and allow movement of the appendicular skeleton
- The strength and stability of a joint is inversely proportional to its range of motion
- Joints can be classified based on their range of motion and structure
- Joints with no movement are classified as synarthrosis
- Joints with little movement are classified as amphiarthrosis
- Joints with free movement are classified as diarthrosis
- Structurally, joints are classified as bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous
Synovial Joints
- Freely movable joints
- Have a joint capsule (or articular capsule) that covers the bony surfaces
- Contain synovial fluid which lubricates, provides nutrients, and absorbs shocks
- Have accessory structures such as fat pads, ligaments, tendons, and bursae
- Fat pads provide padding
- Ligaments connect bone to bone, providing stability
- Tendons connect muscle to bone
- Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction
Joint Motion
- Flexion is movement in the anterior plane that decreases the angle between bones
- Extension is movement in the anterior plane that increases the angle between bones
- Hyperextension is extension beyond the anatomical position
- Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body
- Adduction is movement towards the midline of the body
- Circumduction is a circular motion
- Rotations are movements around a longitudinal axis
- Lateral (external) rotation moves the anterior surface of the limb away from the midline
- Medial (internal) rotation moves the anterior surface of the limb towards the midline
- Supination is the movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly
- Pronation is the movement of the forearm so hat the palm faces posteriorly
Special Movements
- Elevation is movement in a superior direction
- Depression is movement in an inferior direction
- Protraction is movement in an anterior direction
- Retraction is movement in a posterior direction
- Inversion is movement of the sole of the foot medially
- Eversion is movement of the sole of the foot laterally
- Dorsiflexion is movement of the foot that decreases the angle between the foot and the leg
- Plantar flexion is movement of the foot that increases the angle between the foot and the leg
- Opposition is the movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand
Elbow Joint
- A complex hinge joint
- Allows for flexion and extension, as well as limited rotation of the forearm
- Stabilized by ligaments, including the ulnar collateral ligament, the radial collateral ligament, and the annular ligament
Knee Joint
- A hinge joint
- Allows for flexion and extension
- Contains menisci, which act as shock absorbers and improve joint stability
- Stabilized by the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL)
Shoulder Joint
- A ball and socket joint, allowing for a wide range of motion
- Allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
- Stabilized by the glenohumeral ligaments, the coracohumeral ligament, and the rotator cuff muscles
- The rotator cuff muscles are important for stabilizing the shoulder joint and allow for precise movements
Hip Joint
- A ball and socket joint
- Allows for a wide range of motion similar to the shoulder joint
- Stabilized by ligaments such as the iliofemoral ligament, the pubofemoral ligament, and the ischiofemoral ligament.
- Also stabilized by the muscles surrounding the joint
Joint Types
- Plane joint - allows for sliding or gliding motions (example: intercarpal joints)
- Hinge joint - allows for flexion and extension movements (example: elbow joint)
- Pivot joint - allows for rotation around a central axis (example: proximal radioulnar joint)
- Condyloid joint - allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements (example: metacarpophalangeal joints)
- Saddle joint - allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction, but limited rotation (example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
- Ball and Socket joint - allows for a wide range of movement (example: shoulder and hip joints)
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