Psychology condense p. 77-83 Attribution Theory Quiz
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Questions and Answers

According to attribution theory, what type of attribution is most likely when considering our own behavior?

  • A combination of internal and external factors weighted equally.
  • Internal attribution focusing on dispositional factors.
  • External attribution focusing on situational factors. (correct)
  • Attribution based purely on the observed behavior of others.

A student consistently performs poorly on exams, what type of attribution is more likely according to Kelley’s covariation model if their behavior is inconsistent across different contexts?

  • Internal attribution, given the consistency in their exam scores.
  • External attribution, given the inconsistency of the behavior across contexts. (correct)
  • External attribution, given the consistency in their exam scores.
  • Internal attribution, given the inconsistency of the behavior across contexts.

According to the covariation model, when evaluating an individual's behavior, a high level of which factor suggests an internal attribution?

  • Optimism
  • Consensus
  • Distinctiveness
  • Consistency (correct)

What is the concept that involves the belief that negative events mostly affect others rather than oneself?

<p>Optimism bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Kelley’s covariation model, if a group of people are all late to a meeting, which cue is most prominent?

<p>Consensus, because many people are exhibiting the same behaviour. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors while underestimating external influences?

<p>Fundamental attribution error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of culture is the fundamental attribution error more commonly observed?

<p>Individualistic cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, how do people in individualistic societies typically explain their successes and failures?

<p>Success is attributed to internal factors, and failure is attributed to external factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'actor-observer bias'?

<p>The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external factors but others' behavior to internal factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bias where individuals attribute their own successes to internal qualities and their failures to external factors?

<p>Self-serving bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collectivist cultures, what is commonly the perceived cause of success?

<p>External factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of stereotyping, despite its inaccuracies?

<p>To allow for rapid judgment of social information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'stereotype threat'?

<p>The fear of being evaluated based on negative stereotypes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student who is told they are not good at math, performs poorly on a math test. This is an example of what?

<p>Stereotype Threat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stereotypes and self-fulfilling prophecies?

<p>Self-fulfilling prophecies can reinforce original stereotypes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'affective' component of an attitude refer to?

<p>The emotional, or feeling, response to something. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is often at the core of prejudice?

<p>A deep-seated fear or frustration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the primary distinction between the 'I' and the 'me'?

<p>The 'I' is the individual's spontaneous response to the 'me', while the 'me' is how an individual perceives they are seen by others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a scapegoat, according to the text?

<p>A group of people towards whom aggression is directed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core concept of the 'looking glass self' as described by Charles Cooley?

<p>Our self-perception is shaped by what we imagine others' opinions of us to be. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an authoritarian personality?

<p>Obedience to superiors and lack of sympathy for inferiors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe 'socialization' as explained in the content?

<p>It is a process that only affects an individual's self-image, not their behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the 'looking glass self,' which of these is the correct order of the 3 steps?

<p>How do I appear to others? -&gt; What must others think of me? -&gt; Revise how we think about ourselves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Frustration Aggression Hypothesis' propose?

<p>Frustration can result in aggression directed towards a scapegoat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation' suggest regarding prejudice?

<p>Prejudice increases when people feel deprived of something they feel entitled to. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what kind of relationships have the most impact on the development of 'I' and 'me'?

<p>Reactions from significant others like parents, teachers and close peers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of incorrect perceptions of others' opinions on an individual's self-image?

<p>It can lead to revisions in how we think about ourselves and can be detrimental. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main aspects of the 'I' according to the text?

<p>It is the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided in the content of the teacher grading a paper, what is the student’s incorrect perception?

<p>The teacher thinks they are not very intelligent, and therefore not good at literary analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between social stigma and stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination?

<p>The relationship between stigma and stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination is complex and not clearly defined. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between social stigma and self-stigma?

<p>Social stigma is imposed by society, while self-stigma involves an individual internalizing negative stereotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is an example of how power can contribute to social stratification?

<p>Unfair hiring policies targeting minority groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Just World Phenomenon' contribute to prejudice?

<p>By justifying existing social inequalities and blaming individuals for their circumstances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a social circle according to the provided information?

<p>Workplace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can the media most powerfully influence stigma?

<p>By depicting conditions as dangerous or undesirable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interaction between an individual and society affect stigma?

<p>Society can be a source of stigmatizing views that impact opportunities and access to resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reaction of family toward an individual who is stigmatized?

<p>The family can choose to isolate the individual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of an individual's avoidance and denial of their condition?

<p>Suffering of mental health conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what are the main characteristics of first impressions?

<p>Long-lasting, strong, and selectively reinforced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a hiring manager decides to select a candidate based predominantly on their early interview performance, despite later negative comments, which bias is demonstrated?

<p>Primacy bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias is most likely influencing an observer of a presentation, if they value the final points more highly than those made earlier?

<p>Recency bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the halo effect primarily suggest about how people perceive others?

<p>People have inherently good or bad natures, influencing our views of their other characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'physical attractiveness stereotype' relate to the halo effect?

<p>It suggests that more attractive people are perceived as having more positive personality traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reverse halo effect?

<p>The tendency to lower all perceptions of a person if our overall impression of them is negative. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Just World Hypothesis,' how do people typically view events?

<p>Noble actions are rewarded, and evil acts punished. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Me (Social Self)

The part of the self that is formed through interactions with others and society's views. It encompasses the individual's perception of how others see them.

I (Individual Identity)

The spontaneous, autonomous part of the self that responds to the "Me" and the attitudes of others.

Socialization

The process by which individuals learn the attitudes, behaviors, and values expected by their culture or community.

Looking-Glass Self

The idea that a person's sense of self develops from how they believe others perceive them.

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How do I appear to others?

The first step in the looking-glass self, where an individual assesses how they appear to others.

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What must others think of me?

The second step in the looking-glass self, where an individual imagines what others think of them.

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Revise how we think about ourselves

The final step in the looking-glass self, where an individual adjusts their self-concept based on their imagined perceptions of others.

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Imaginary Perceptions

The core of Cooley's Looking-Glass Self theory, where we are influenced by our perception of how others see us, rather than their actual opinions.

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Attribution Theory

A theory explaining how we understand and interpret the behavior of others, considering both internal (dispositional) and external (situational) factors.

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Internal (Dispositional) Attribution

Attributing someone's behavior to their personality, traits, or internal characteristics.

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External (Situational) Attribution

Attributing someone's behavior to external factors like the environment, situation, or context.

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Optimism Bias

A bias in our thinking where we believe that negative events are more likely to happen to others than to ourselves.

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Covariation Model

A model that considers three cues to determine whether a behavior is caused by internal or external factors: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone else's behavior.

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Self-Serving Bias

Attributing successes to internal factors (e.g., ability) and failures to external factors (e.g., bad luck).

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Actor-Observer Bias

A type of bias where people are more likely to attribute their own actions to situational factors, but others' actions to their personality traits

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Stereotyping

Attributing a specific characteristic or behavior to an entire group, leading to overgeneralization.

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Stereotype Threat

Exposure to a negative stereotype about a task can worsen an individual's performance on that task.

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Stereotype Threat

A form of self-fulfilling prophecy where individuals perform worse when they are aware of negative stereotypes associated with their group.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When stereotypes lead to behaviors that confirm the original stereotypes. This can create a self-perpetuating cycle.

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ABC Model of Attitudes

All attitudes have three components: cognitive component (beliefs), affective component (feelings), and behavioral component (actions).

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Cultural Influence on Attribution

When cultural values influence how people explain success and failure.

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Neutral Judge

A judgment where both internal and external factors are considered.

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Scapegoat

A group of people who are blamed for societal problems or frustrations, leading to prejudice and aggression towards them.

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Neglecting Situational Factors in Healthcare

The tendency to underestimate situational and social factors when analyzing individuals' behavior, particularly in healthcare.

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Authoritarian Personality

A personality type characterized by obedience to authority, rigid thinking, and a lack of sympathy for those perceived as inferior.

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

The theory that frustration can lead to aggression, which is often directed towards minority groups or scapegoats.

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Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation

A phenomenon where prejudice and discrimination rise when people feel deprived of something they believe they are entitled to.

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Social Categories and Prejudice

Prejudice and discrimination often arise based on factors like race, ethnicity, power, social class and prestige.

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Primacy Bias

A type of bias where the first information you receive about someone heavily influences your perception of them, even if later information contradicts it.

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Recency Bias

A type of bias where the most recent information you receive about someone heavily influences your perception of them, even if earlier information contradicts it.

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Halo Effect

The tendency to perceive a person as having inherently good or bad qualities, influencing how we see their other characteristics.

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Reverse Halo Effect

The tendency to perceive a person as having inherently bad qualities, influencing how we see their other characteristics.

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Just World Hypothesis

The belief that people get what they deserve, regardless of their actions or circumstances.

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Physical Attractiveness Stereotype

The tendency to believe those who are physically attractive have more positive personality characteristics.

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Halo Effect Example

This occurs when an individual's overall positive impression influences how we perceive their individual qualities, often exaggerating their positive traits.

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Reverse Halo Effect Example

This occurs when an individual's overall negative impression influences how we perceive their individual qualities, often exaggerating their negative traits.

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Ethnicity

A social category based on a person's cultural practices, beliefs, or origin, often associated with a specific geographic location or shared history.

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Power

The power to influence or control others through political authority, economic resources, or social influence.

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Social Class

The relative standing or status of an individual within a society, often based on wealth, education, or occupation.

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Prestige

The respect or admiration given to an individual based on their profession or achievements.

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Stigma

A negative social label or mark of disapproval that can lead to exclusion, discrimination, and social isolation.

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Self-Stigma

The process of internalizing the negative stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory experiences faced by a person, leading to feelings of self-worthlessness and rejection.

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Media's Role in Stigma

The spread of harmful stereotypes and misinformation through various forms of communication, including traditional media, social media, and interpersonal interactions.

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Legislation and Anti-Discrimination Laws

Legal measures and policies designed to prevent discrimination based on specific characteristics, including race, gender, religion, and disability.

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Study Notes

Reference Groups and Social Behavior

  • Reference groups are groups people use to evaluate themselves.
  • People constantly seek groups aligning with their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
  • These influences impact social decisions.

Culture and Socialization

  • Culture and socialization significantly shape personal development.

George Herbert Mead: The I and the Me

  • Charles Cooley and George Herbert Mead both believed others influence self-perception.
  • Cooley thought all interactions influence identity.
  • Mead believed certain people and specific periods of life influence identity.
  • Mead proposed social behaviorism, which argues the mind and self arise through communication with others, marking the beginning of symbolic interactionism.
  • Infants/children imitate others, centering themselves and not caring about others' opinions.
  • This mirrors Piaget's concept of egocentrism, referring to a child's inability to see other people's perspectives.

Stages of Social Development

  • Preparatory Stage: Imitation, focusing on symbolic communication (e.g., games).
  • Play Stage: Awareness of social roles (e.g., firefighters, doctors), and assuming others' perspectives.
  • Game Stage: Understanding attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the generalized other (society as a whole).

Looking Glass Self

  • Socialization is the process of learning expected attitudes, behaviors, and values from society.
  • Socialization shapes self-image and is learned through interacting with others.
  • The looking glass self describes how self-image develops from interactions with others.
  • This occurs in three steps: (1) how we appear to others, (2) how we believe others judge us, and (3) changes to our self-image based on those judgments.

Attribution Theory

  • Internal (dispositional): Attributing behavior to personal characteristics.
  • External (situational): Attributing behavior to environmental factors.
  • Attribution theory, in the context of our own behaviors, we favor external factors as explanations more often than not.
  • Covariation Model (Kelley): Consistency (time), distinctiveness (situation), and consensus (people) all impact our judgments about other's behaviors.

Attribution Error and Culture

  • Attribution error is more likely when assessing the actions of others, as opposed to our own actions.
  • Actor-Observer bias – attributing our mistakes to external factors while blaming others for theirs on internal factors.
  • Cultural differences influence how success and failure are attributed.
  • Individualistic cultures (e.g., USA) tend to attribute success to personal characteristics and failure to external factors.
  • Collectivist cultures (e.g., Japan) emphasize external factors for both outcomes.

Stereotypes, Stereotype Threat, and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

  • Stereotypes are thoughts or beliefs about a group of people (can be positive or negative).
  • Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group leading to lower performance.
  • Self-fulfilling prophecies are behaviors that reinforce stereotypes, further affecting the stereotyped person's performance.

Prejudice, Emotion, and Cognition

  • Prejudice is a negative preconceived judgment about a group.
  • Prejudice involves cognitive (beliefs), affective (feelings), and behavioral components (actions).
  • Scapegoating is when a group's frustrations are directed toward another group.
  • Authoritarian personality is a personality type more likely to be prejudiced.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

  • Frustrations are triggered, leading to aggression.
  • Aggression can be directed at others as scapegoating.
  • Prejudices are often based on power, social class, and prestige.
  • Prejudice and discrimination based on race and ethnicity.

Social and Self-Stigma

  • Social stigma is external disapproval, while self-stigma is internalized disapproval.
  • Stigma can be about mental health, ethnicity, or other factors.
  • Social stigma against mental health.

Social Perception

  • Primacy and Recency Bias: Initial and most recent information heavily impacts perceptions.
  • Halo Effect: Judging people based on a single positive or negative quality.
  • Just World Hypothesis: The belief that people get what they deserve.

Attribution Theory (cont.)

  • How we explain the behavior of others.
  • Internal factors = "fundamental attribution error"
  • Overemphasizing internal factors.
  • External factors lead to "ethnocentrism".

Cultural Relativism

  • Understanding cultures from their perspectives.
  • No absolute right or wrong concerning culture.

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Psychology: Socialization and Self-Concept PDF

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Test your knowledge of attribution theory with this quiz focusing on key concepts like Kelley’s covariation model and the fundamental attribution error. Explore how personal and cultural factors influence our perceptions of behavior. Ideal for psychology students and enthusiasts!

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