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Questions and Answers
A company wants to improve employee morale and decides to give bonuses for completing projects. Initially, employees are excited, but over time, their intrinsic motivation decreases. Which psychological concept explains this phenomenon?
A company wants to improve employee morale and decides to give bonuses for completing projects. Initially, employees are excited, but over time, their intrinsic motivation decreases. Which psychological concept explains this phenomenon?
- Impact Bias
- Overjustification Effect (correct)
- Self-Perception Theory
- Introspection
A politician aims to persuade voters who are largely uninterested in the details of their policy proposals. According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, which route to persuasion would be MOST effective?
A politician aims to persuade voters who are largely uninterested in the details of their policy proposals. According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, which route to persuasion would be MOST effective?
- Peripheral Route, focusing on the politician's charisma and endorsements. (correct)
- Using fear-arousing communications without a clear solution.
- A combination of both Central and Peripheral routes, equally weighted.
- Central Route, emphasizing logical arguments and data.
A public health campaign uses graphic images and alarming statistics to discourage smoking but fails to provide resources or strategies for quitting. What is the MOST likely outcome of this campaign based on the principles of fear-arousing communications?
A public health campaign uses graphic images and alarming statistics to discourage smoking but fails to provide resources or strategies for quitting. What is the MOST likely outcome of this campaign based on the principles of fear-arousing communications?
- Immediate and sustained changes in smoking behavior.
- Increased motivation to quit smoking due to heightened fear.
- Careful consideration of the long-term health benefits of quitting.
- Defensive reactions and denial of the risks associated with smoking. (correct)
You are asked to predict how happy you will be one year after winning the lottery. If you overestimate the duration of your happiness, which psychological concept are you demonstrating?
You are asked to predict how happy you will be one year after winning the lottery. If you overestimate the duration of your happiness, which psychological concept are you demonstrating?
A marketing team is designing an advertisement. According to the Yale Attitude Change Approach, which element would MOST enhance the persuasiveness of their message?
A marketing team is designing an advertisement. According to the Yale Attitude Change Approach, which element would MOST enhance the persuasiveness of their message?
A researcher asks participants to perform a boring task. During the task, some participants are subtly encouraged to nod their heads, while others are subtly encouraged to shake their heads. Later, they are asked about their enjoyment of the task. Which theory predicts the MOST likely outcome of this experiment?
A researcher asks participants to perform a boring task. During the task, some participants are subtly encouraged to nod their heads, while others are subtly encouraged to shake their heads. Later, they are asked about their enjoyment of the task. Which theory predicts the MOST likely outcome of this experiment?
An individual is largely unaware that they hold a negative attitude towards a particular social group but consistently displays discriminatory behavior towards members of that group. Which type of attitude is MOST likely influencing their actions?
An individual is largely unaware that they hold a negative attitude towards a particular social group but consistently displays discriminatory behavior towards members of that group. Which type of attitude is MOST likely influencing their actions?
A person is asked why they chose a particular brand of coffee. They struggle to articulate a clear reason, but eventually say, "I guess I just always buy it." According to research by Nisbett & Wilson (1977), what does this MOST likely indicate?
A person is asked why they chose a particular brand of coffee. They struggle to articulate a clear reason, but eventually say, "I guess I just always buy it." According to research by Nisbett & Wilson (1977), what does this MOST likely indicate?
In the Dutton & Aron (1974) study, men on the shaky bridge were more likely to call the woman due to misattributed arousal. Which of the following best explains this misattribution?
In the Dutton & Aron (1974) study, men on the shaky bridge were more likely to call the woman due to misattributed arousal. Which of the following best explains this misattribution?
According to ego depletion theory, resisting temptation in one task can reduce self-control in a subsequent task. Which scenario best illustrates this concept?
According to ego depletion theory, resisting temptation in one task can reduce self-control in a subsequent task. Which scenario best illustrates this concept?
Someone experiences cognitive dissonance after purchasing an expensive product that quickly breaks. To reduce this dissonance, which of the following strategies could they employ?
Someone experiences cognitive dissonance after purchasing an expensive product that quickly breaks. To reduce this dissonance, which of the following strategies could they employ?
In the Aronson & Mills (1959) “Club Initiation Study”, participants who underwent a severe initiation to join a group rated the group as more attractive compared to those with a mild initiation. What psychological principle primarily explains this?
In the Aronson & Mills (1959) “Club Initiation Study”, participants who underwent a severe initiation to join a group rated the group as more attractive compared to those with a mild initiation. What psychological principle primarily explains this?
In the Festinger & Carlsmith (1958) study, participants who were paid $1 to lie about a boring task later reported enjoying the task more than those paid $20. Which concept best explains these findings?
In the Festinger & Carlsmith (1958) study, participants who were paid $1 to lie about a boring task later reported enjoying the task more than those paid $20. Which concept best explains these findings?
In the “Forbidden Toy Study,” children who were given a mild threat for playing with a toy later rated it as less attractive. What psychological mechanism explains this?
In the “Forbidden Toy Study,” children who were given a mild threat for playing with a toy later rated it as less attractive. What psychological mechanism explains this?
According to the Ben Franklin Effect, doing someone a favor can increase your liking of them. Which of the following situations best illustrates this effect?
According to the Ben Franklin Effect, doing someone a favor can increase your liking of them. Which of the following situations best illustrates this effect?
In the Davis & Jones (1960) study, participants who insulted a man convinced themselves he deserved it. What cognitive process explains this?
In the Davis & Jones (1960) study, participants who insulted a man convinced themselves he deserved it. What cognitive process explains this?
Flashcards
Implicit Attitudes
Implicit Attitudes
Unconscious beliefs that automatically influence behavior.
Explicit Attitudes
Explicit Attitudes
Conscious beliefs that we can deliberately express.
Self-Report Measures
Self-Report Measures
Asking people directly about their attitudes (e.g., surveys).
Implicit Measures
Implicit Measures
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Overjustification Effect
Overjustification Effect
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Impact Bias
Impact Bias
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Yale Attitude Change Approach
Yale Attitude Change Approach
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Self-Perception Theory
Self-Perception Theory
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Misattribution of Arousal
Misattribution of Arousal
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Ego Depletion
Ego Depletion
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Justification of Effort
Justification of Effort
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Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy
Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy
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Punishment & Self-Persuasion
Punishment & Self-Persuasion
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Ben Franklin Effect
Ben Franklin Effect
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Justifying Cruelty
Justifying Cruelty
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Study Notes
- Attitudes are beliefs that can be either unconscious or conscious and can influence behavior
Types of Attitudes
- Implicit attitudes are unconscious beliefs that automatically influence behavior
- Explicit attitudes are conscious beliefs that are deliberately expressed.
Measuring Attitudes
- Self-report measures directly ask people about their attitudes through surveys.
- Implicit measures assess attitudes without directly asking, using priming tasks.
Overjustification Effect
- Intrinsic motivation decreases when people receive external rewards for activities they already enjoy.
- An example is when someone who enjoys painting may enjoy it less if they start getting paid for it.
Impact Bias
- Impact bias is the tendency to overestimate how long emotional reactions will last after an event.
- For example, thinking a breakup will ruin your life forever, when in reality, one moves on quicker than expected.
Persuasion and Attitude Change
- The Yale Attitude Change Approach is used to understand persuasion.
- The source is more persuasive if they are credible and attractive.
- The message is more effective if it's not too extreme and uses both sides of an argument.
- The audience is more likely to be persuaded if they are distracted or have lower intelligence.
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
- The central route of the ELM (deep thinking) is used when people care about the topic and are motivated to process the message.
- This requires strong, logical arguments.
- It results in long-lasting attitude change.
- The peripheral route of the ELM (shallow thinking) is used when people are not motivated or distracted.
- It relies on superficial cues, such as the attractiveness of the speaker.
- Attitude change is temporary.
Fear-Arousing Communications
- Fear-arousing communications are persuasive messages that use fear to change behavior.
- It's effective when fear is moderate because too much fear makes people defensive.
- A message provides a clear solution to reduce the fear.
- It's ineffective when fear is too intense, causing panic and denial.
The Self
- Introspection is the process of looking inward to analyze your thoughts and emotions.
- In Nisbett & Wilson (1977), people often misjudge their own feelings when they try to explain them.
- Self-perception theory suggests that attitudes are inferred by observing one's own behavior.
- Wells & Petty (1980) showed that people who nodded their heads while listening to an opinion were more likely to agree than those who shook their heads.
Misattribution of Arousal
- In the Dutton & Aron (1974) study, men who met an attractive woman on a shaky bridge were more likely to call her than men on a stable bridge.
- They misattributed their fear-induced arousal to romantic attraction.
Self Control and Ego Depletion
- Ego depletion (Baumeister, 1998) suggests that resisting temptation in one task reduces self-control in the next task.
- For example, people who resisted eating cookies gave up faster on a difficult puzzle.
Cognitive Dissonance
- A feeling of discomfort when holding conflicting beliefs or behaving in ways that contradict attitudes.
- People try to reduce dissonance.
- This is done by changing their attitude.
- Or by justifying behavior.
- Or by adding new beliefs.
Justification of Effort
- Aronson & Mills (1959) "Club Initiation Study" examined justification of effort.
- People in the study who went through a severe initiation liked the group more than those who had an easy initiation.
- They justified the effort they put in by convincing themselves the group was worth it.
Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy
- Festinger & Carlsmith (1958) "Boring Task Study" examined counter attitudinal advocacy.
- People who were paid $1 to lie about a boring task ended up believing it was fun which demonstrates internal justification.
- People who were paid $20 recognized it was boring because they had external justification for lying.
Punishment & Self-Persuasion
- The Forbidden Toy Study (Aronson & Carlsmith, 1963) examined punishment and self-persuasion.
- Children who were mildly threatened for playing with a toy rated it less attractive later.
- They convinced themselves they didn't want it anyway which showed internal justification.
Ben Franklin Effect
- People are more likely to be liked after doing them a favor.
- For example, if one lends someone money, they are more likely to convince themselves they like them to justify their action.
Justifying Cruelty
- Davis & Jones (1960) Study examined justifying cruelty.
- Participants who insulted a man later convinced themselves he deserved it.
- This reduced dissonance about treating him badly.
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Description
Explore attitudes, including implicit vs. explicit types. Learn about measuring attitudes through self-report and implicit measures. Understand the over justification effect, impact bias, and persuasion techniques that influence attitude change.
