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Attention and Cognitive Challenges Quiz
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Attention and Cognitive Challenges Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of ADHD according to genetic studies?

  • Cultural variations
  • Polygenic influences (correct)
  • Single gene mutations
  • Environmental factors

    • Which of the following is a common symptom of ADHD?

  • Consistently following instructions
  • Careless mistakes due to lack of attention (correct)
  • High academic achievement
  • Excessive organization skills

    • Which brain area is associated with impulse control affected in ADHD?

  • Occipital lobe
  • Anterior cingulate cortex (correct)
  • Hippocampus
  • Cerebellum

    • What percentage of individuals diagnosed with ADHD fall under the combined type?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and motivation in ADHD?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of 'sluggish cognitive tempo' in ADHD?

    <p>Inconsistent alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adaptation reflects positive responses despite adversity in ADHD individuals?

    <p>Resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered an impairment domain for those with ADHD?

    <p>Successful interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical distinguishing feature of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

    <p>Sustained pattern of negativistic behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

    <p>Lack of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many symptoms are required for a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder (CD) according to the DSM?

    <p>3 out of 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What subtype of Conduct Disorder is characterized by behaviors that begin before the age of 10?

    <p>Child onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes relational aggression?

    <p>Threatening to damage relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of aggression is characterized by immediate harm in response to provocation?

    <p>Reactive aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is indicative of deceitfulness in the context of Conduct Disorder?

    <p>Breaking into homes for theft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior would NOT be classified as a serious violation of rules in Conduct Disorder?

    <p>Excessively arguing with authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral disorder has a higher lifetime prevalence in males compared to females according to the data?

    <p>Conduct Disorder (CD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the coercion model play in the development of externalizing behaviors?

    <p>It illustrates how interactions between parents and children can escalate misbehavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the concept of multifinality in developmental pathways?

    <p>The same condition leads to many different outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the HPA axis in stress response?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability estimate of externalizing behavior as stated in the content?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a step in the coercion model described in the content?

    <p>Child criticizes the adult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the severity of ODD and its stability as a disorder?

    <p>More severe ODD is associated with greater stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of polygenic etiology in the context of externalizing behaviors?

    <p>Many genetic variants contribute small effects to the phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Factor 1 in the HARE psychopathy checklist?

    <p>Callous lack of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain regions are associated with reduced responses in individuals displaying psychopathy?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people with psychopathy also meet the criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

    <p>80-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

    <p>Pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common score range is expected for someone diagnosed with psychopathy on the HARE checklist?

    <p>30-40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the affective facet of Factor 1 in the HARE psychopathy checklist?

    <p>Lack of remorse/guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the prevalence of psychopathy and ASPD is true?

    <p>A majority of individuals with ASPD are also psychopaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of assessment is primarily focused on gathering background information from various sources?

    <p>Intake interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common evidence-based treatment for ADHD?

    <p>CNS stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of assessment do structured tasks and school observations typically occur?

    <p>Face-to-face testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is commonly prescribed for treating ADHD?

    <p>CNS stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes structured interviews used in clinical settings?

    <p>Questions standardized across all patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about non-evidence-based treatments for ADHD is true?

    <p>They lack a strong empirical support base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by CNS stimulants in the treatment of ADHD?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention is a component of behavior therapy specifically designed for ADHD treatment?

    <p>Daily report cards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • Characterized by difficulties in attention, organization, task completion, and susceptibility to distractions.
    • Symptoms include daydreaming, forgetfulness in daily activities, and losing items needed for tasks.
    • Categories of diagnosis: combined type (55%), predominantly inattentive (27%), predominantly hyperactive/impulsive (18%).
    • Symptoms must significantly impair functioning across major life areas and be inappropriate for developmental level.
    • Impairments may lead to low academic achievement, social rejection, and comorbid disorders like anxiety and depression.

    Etiology and Causes of ADHD

    • Multifactorial origin: genetic, familial, and cultural factors contribute.
    • Genetic factors account for approximately 75% of ADHD variance, with heritability around 80%.
    • Neurotransmitters involved: dopamine and serotonin, affecting impulse control and motor activity.
    • Environmental factors are thought to contribute to a minority of cases.
    • Protective factors include resilience and positive adaptation characteristics.

    Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

    • Defined by persistent negativistic, hostile, and defiant behaviors; more common in boys.
    • Diagnosed before age 8; symptoms include irritability, argumentative behavior, and vindictiveness.
    • Requires demonstration of at least four symptoms for diagnosis.

    Conduct Disorder (CD)

    • Involves the violation of social norms and rules; may show callous unemotional traits.
    • Two subtypes: child-onset (more serious) and adolescent-onset (often linked to deviant peer groups).
    • Overt aggression includes physical harm, while covert aggression focuses on relational manipulation.
    • Diagnosis with three of fifteen criteria, including aggression, deceitfulness, and serious rule violations.

    Prevalence and Comorbidity

    • ODD lifetime prevalence is around 10% (higher in males) while CD prevalence is about 9%.
    • High comorbidity between ODD, CD, and ADHD, with rates of ADHD among those with ODD and CD ranging from 65-90%.

    Developmental Pathways

    • Multifinality indicates various outcomes arise from the same risk factors; equifinality shows that multiple causes can lead to a specific outcome.
    • Pathways and models help understand behaviors’ stability and change over time.
    • More severe ODD can lead to CD, with family instability and peer factors impacting disorder progression.

    Etiology of Externalizing Behaviors

    • Focuses on interactions of genetic and environmental factors.
    • Biological systems involving dopamine, serotonin, and stress response contribute to behavior.
    • Heritability of externalizing behaviors stands at approximately 40-50% for ADHD.

    Psychopathy

    • Assessed using the HARE Psychopathy Checklist which measures interpersonal and affective traits (e.g., charm, lack of empathy).
    • Brain differences include reduced responsiveness to emotional stimuli and lower neural activity in reward-processing areas.
    • Psychopathy has a prevalence of around 1%, while Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is around 4%.

    Diagnosis and Assessment Processes

    • Assessment of ADHD includes gathering background information, clinical interviews, and observing behaviors.
    • Involves structured and unstructured interviews with both parent and child to assess symptom duration and context.

    Treatment for ADHD

    • Evidence-based treatments include CNS stimulants, behavioral interventions, and school-based interventions.
    • Common medications: methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamines (Adderall); also non-stimulants like atomoxetine.
    • Behavior therapy focuses on training for parents, organizational skills for children, and structured interventions in the classroom.

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    Related Documents

    exam 1 notesheet.docx

    Description

    Test your understanding of attention-related difficulties and sluggish cognitive tempo. This quiz covers symptoms such as distractions, carelessness, and challenges in maintaining focus on tasks. Enhance your knowledge of cognitive processes and their impact on daily activities.

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