Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of ADHD according to genetic studies?
What is the primary cause of ADHD according to genetic studies?
Which of the following is a common symptom of ADHD?
Which of the following is a common symptom of ADHD?
Which brain area is associated with impulse control affected in ADHD?
Which brain area is associated with impulse control affected in ADHD?
What percentage of individuals diagnosed with ADHD fall under the combined type?
What percentage of individuals diagnosed with ADHD fall under the combined type?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and motivation in ADHD?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and motivation in ADHD?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of 'sluggish cognitive tempo' in ADHD?
What is a key characteristic of 'sluggish cognitive tempo' in ADHD?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of adaptation reflects positive responses despite adversity in ADHD individuals?
What type of adaptation reflects positive responses despite adversity in ADHD individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is NOT considered an impairment domain for those with ADHD?
Which of these is NOT considered an impairment domain for those with ADHD?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a critical distinguishing feature of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
What is a critical distinguishing feature of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
Signup and view all the answers
How many symptoms are required for a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder (CD) according to the DSM?
How many symptoms are required for a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder (CD) according to the DSM?
Signup and view all the answers
What subtype of Conduct Disorder is characterized by behaviors that begin before the age of 10?
What subtype of Conduct Disorder is characterized by behaviors that begin before the age of 10?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes relational aggression?
Which of the following best describes relational aggression?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of aggression is characterized by immediate harm in response to provocation?
What type of aggression is characterized by immediate harm in response to provocation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is indicative of deceitfulness in the context of Conduct Disorder?
Which symptom is indicative of deceitfulness in the context of Conduct Disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
Which behavior would NOT be classified as a serious violation of rules in Conduct Disorder?
Which behavior would NOT be classified as a serious violation of rules in Conduct Disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the lifetime prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
What is the lifetime prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which behavioral disorder has a higher lifetime prevalence in males compared to females according to the data?
Which behavioral disorder has a higher lifetime prevalence in males compared to females according to the data?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the coercion model play in the development of externalizing behaviors?
What role does the coercion model play in the development of externalizing behaviors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement describes the concept of multifinality in developmental pathways?
Which statement describes the concept of multifinality in developmental pathways?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the HPA axis in stress response?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the HPA axis in stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the heritability estimate of externalizing behavior as stated in the content?
What is the heritability estimate of externalizing behavior as stated in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a step in the coercion model described in the content?
Which of the following is not a step in the coercion model described in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between the severity of ODD and its stability as a disorder?
What is the relationship between the severity of ODD and its stability as a disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the meaning of polygenic etiology in the context of externalizing behaviors?
What is the meaning of polygenic etiology in the context of externalizing behaviors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of Factor 1 in the HARE psychopathy checklist?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Factor 1 in the HARE psychopathy checklist?
Signup and view all the answers
What brain regions are associated with reduced responses in individuals displaying psychopathy?
What brain regions are associated with reduced responses in individuals displaying psychopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of people with psychopathy also meet the criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
What percentage of people with psychopathy also meet the criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following defines Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
Which of the following defines Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What common score range is expected for someone diagnosed with psychopathy on the HARE checklist?
What common score range is expected for someone diagnosed with psychopathy on the HARE checklist?
Signup and view all the answers
What describes the affective facet of Factor 1 in the HARE psychopathy checklist?
What describes the affective facet of Factor 1 in the HARE psychopathy checklist?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the prevalence of psychopathy and ASPD is true?
Which of the following statements about the prevalence of psychopathy and ASPD is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of assessment is primarily focused on gathering background information from various sources?
Which type of assessment is primarily focused on gathering background information from various sources?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common evidence-based treatment for ADHD?
What is a common evidence-based treatment for ADHD?
Signup and view all the answers
In which stage of assessment do structured tasks and school observations typically occur?
In which stage of assessment do structured tasks and school observations typically occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of medication is commonly prescribed for treating ADHD?
Which class of medication is commonly prescribed for treating ADHD?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes structured interviews used in clinical settings?
What characterizes structured interviews used in clinical settings?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about non-evidence-based treatments for ADHD is true?
Which of the following statements about non-evidence-based treatments for ADHD is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by CNS stimulants in the treatment of ADHD?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by CNS stimulants in the treatment of ADHD?
Signup and view all the answers
What intervention is a component of behavior therapy specifically designed for ADHD treatment?
What intervention is a component of behavior therapy specifically designed for ADHD treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Characterized by difficulties in attention, organization, task completion, and susceptibility to distractions.
- Symptoms include daydreaming, forgetfulness in daily activities, and losing items needed for tasks.
- Categories of diagnosis: combined type (55%), predominantly inattentive (27%), predominantly hyperactive/impulsive (18%).
- Symptoms must significantly impair functioning across major life areas and be inappropriate for developmental level.
- Impairments may lead to low academic achievement, social rejection, and comorbid disorders like anxiety and depression.
Etiology and Causes of ADHD
- Multifactorial origin: genetic, familial, and cultural factors contribute.
- Genetic factors account for approximately 75% of ADHD variance, with heritability around 80%.
- Neurotransmitters involved: dopamine and serotonin, affecting impulse control and motor activity.
- Environmental factors are thought to contribute to a minority of cases.
- Protective factors include resilience and positive adaptation characteristics.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- Defined by persistent negativistic, hostile, and defiant behaviors; more common in boys.
- Diagnosed before age 8; symptoms include irritability, argumentative behavior, and vindictiveness.
- Requires demonstration of at least four symptoms for diagnosis.
Conduct Disorder (CD)
- Involves the violation of social norms and rules; may show callous unemotional traits.
- Two subtypes: child-onset (more serious) and adolescent-onset (often linked to deviant peer groups).
- Overt aggression includes physical harm, while covert aggression focuses on relational manipulation.
- Diagnosis with three of fifteen criteria, including aggression, deceitfulness, and serious rule violations.
Prevalence and Comorbidity
- ODD lifetime prevalence is around 10% (higher in males) while CD prevalence is about 9%.
- High comorbidity between ODD, CD, and ADHD, with rates of ADHD among those with ODD and CD ranging from 65-90%.
Developmental Pathways
- Multifinality indicates various outcomes arise from the same risk factors; equifinality shows that multiple causes can lead to a specific outcome.
- Pathways and models help understand behaviors’ stability and change over time.
- More severe ODD can lead to CD, with family instability and peer factors impacting disorder progression.
Etiology of Externalizing Behaviors
- Focuses on interactions of genetic and environmental factors.
- Biological systems involving dopamine, serotonin, and stress response contribute to behavior.
- Heritability of externalizing behaviors stands at approximately 40-50% for ADHD.
Psychopathy
- Assessed using the HARE Psychopathy Checklist which measures interpersonal and affective traits (e.g., charm, lack of empathy).
- Brain differences include reduced responsiveness to emotional stimuli and lower neural activity in reward-processing areas.
- Psychopathy has a prevalence of around 1%, while Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is around 4%.
Diagnosis and Assessment Processes
- Assessment of ADHD includes gathering background information, clinical interviews, and observing behaviors.
- Involves structured and unstructured interviews with both parent and child to assess symptom duration and context.
Treatment for ADHD
- Evidence-based treatments include CNS stimulants, behavioral interventions, and school-based interventions.
- Common medications: methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamines (Adderall); also non-stimulants like atomoxetine.
- Behavior therapy focuses on training for parents, organizational skills for children, and structured interventions in the classroom.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of attention-related difficulties and sluggish cognitive tempo. This quiz covers symptoms such as distractions, carelessness, and challenges in maintaining focus on tasks. Enhance your knowledge of cognitive processes and their impact on daily activities.
