Attention
49 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the attenuator in Treisman's Attenuation Model?

  • To allow all messages to pass through at full strength
  • To analyze incoming messages and reduce their strength accordingly (correct)
  • To store messages in short-term memory
  • To completely eliminate unattended messages

    • In Broadbent's Early Selection Model, what is the role of the filter?

  • To discard all incoming information after processing
  • To identify and pass on only the attended message based on physical characteristics (correct)
  • To select messages based on meaning and context
  • To store attended messages for future retrieval

    • What does the 'cocktail party effect' illustrate about selective attention?

  • Unattended information does not reach the listener's awareness at all.
  • Persons can detect and be aware of certain unattended messages, like their name. (correct)
  • People can only focus on one message at a time without distractions.
  • Listener's memory is unaffected by competing messages.

    • What is the first stage of analysis in Treisman's Attenuation Model?

    <p>Pre-attentive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cognitive load, what typically happens during divided attention tasks?

    <p>Increased cognitive load can impair performance and identify details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a significant role in selecting messages during pre-attentive analysis?

    <p>The physical characteristics of the message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'flanker compatibility task'?

    <p>A test of how well individuals can ignore irrelevant stimuli while focusing on relevant ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Treisman's model, what threshold do common words have in the dictionary unit?

    <p>Low threshold, allowing for easier activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of Cherry’s Dichotic Listening experiment?

    <p>Listeners are only able to consistently identify the attended message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the concept of input attention?

    <p>Automatic processing of information with minimal resource allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the early selection effect primarily influence during perceptual processing?

    <p>Excludes distractors from early perceptual processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of late selection, what happens to distractors that are processed?

    <p>They are discarded by current goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lavie's research, what condition leads to greater distractor effects?

    <p>Low perceptual load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Flanker compatibility task?

    <p>Compatible flankers speed up response time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of cognitive resources as described in the content?

    <p>They are finite and can become depleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during automatic processing after enough practice?

    <p>It occurs without intent and demands fewer resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the late selection model, what is the primary processing level before selection?

    <p>Meaning-processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attentional control allows for automatic task completion under practice?

    <p>Automatic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can change blindness be best described?

    <p>Difficulty detecting changes due to lack of focused attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stimulus salience play in eye movements?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of unintended gaze shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is often the primary method through which exogenous attention is captured?

    <p>Sudden visual or auditory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'enduring dispositions' refer to in attention theories?

    <p>Control of involuntary attention due to pop-out features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a varied mapping condition during memory search tasks, participants struggle mainly because:

    <p>The conflicts between targets and distractors change with each trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cognitive load have on attentional control during multitasking?

    <p>Limits available cognitive resources for other tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attention involves focusing on multiple stimuli simultaneously?

    <p>Divided attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective attention only allows for the processing of attended messages without any interference from unattended messages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where a person hears their name from an unattended conversation?

    <p>Cocktail party effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Treisman's Attenuation Model, the unit that contains stored words is called the ______.

    <p>dictionary unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of attention with their definitions.

    <p>Selective attention = Focusing on a specific stimulus Overt attention = Moving eyes to shift focus Covert attention = Directing focus without eye movement Divided attention = Attending to multiple stimuli simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model suggests that filtering based on physical characteristics happens at the early stage?

    <p>Broadbent’s Early Selection Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Moray's shadowing experiment, participants were able to recall specific details from the unattended messages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of processing in Treisman's model where messages are identified?

    <p>Pre-attentive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Broadbent's model asserts that all unattended messages are ______ and not processed for consciousness.

    <p>filtered out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic that affects people's ability to identify attended messages?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the early selection effect primarily prevent?

    <p>Distractors from being processed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Stroop effect demonstrates that reading words is generally easier than identifying ink colors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define cognitive load.

    <p>The amount of cognitive resources required to perform a specific task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under high perceptual load, capacity is fully engaged, preventing __________ stimuli from intruding.

    <p>task-irrelevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition:

    <p>Inattentional blindness = Failure to notice a visible stimulus while focused on another task Change blindness = Difficulty in detecting changes in a scene Exogenous attention = Automatic attraction to a sudden stimulus Endogenous attention = Conscious allocation of attention to a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding automatic processing?

    <p>It occurs without intention after practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Distractor effects are greater in high perceptual load conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flanker compatibility effect?

    <p>The influence of flanker stimuli on reaction time, either facilitating or slowing responses based on their compatibility with the target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High cognitive load leads to a __________ in the ability to allocate resources to multiple tasks.

    <p>disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the results of a memory search task under varied mapping conditions?

    <p>Participants struggled to process targets due to frequently changing rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inattentional blindness is when a person is aware of all stimuli in their surroundings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are enduring dispositions?

    <p>Factors that involuntarily capture attention due to inherent characteristics of a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saccadic eye movements refer to the quick movements of the eyes between __________.

    <p>fixations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between practice and performance in tasks like Tetris?

    <p>Performance improves as tasks become automated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following attention theories/phenomena with their descriptions:

    <p>Flanker effect = Influence of distractors on target response times Stroop effect = Difficulty in naming ink colors due to word reading Change blindness = Failure to notice changes in visual scenes Cognitive load = Amount of resources needed for a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attention

    • Attention is the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations
    • Selective attention: focusing on one specific location, object, or message
    • Overt attention: shifting attention by moving the eyes
    • Covert attention: shifting attention without moving the eyes (e.g., seeing something "out of the corner of the eye")
    • Divided attention: attending to multiple things simultaneously (can be overt, covert, or a combination)

    Early Studies: Results & Consequences

    • Limited capacity: inability to identify multiple messages at once
    • Effective selectivity: ability to identify one message when differences are in physical characteristics (e.g., different tones of voice). Difficulty identifying messages when differences are contextual

    Selective Attention as Filtering

    • Cherry's Dichotic Listening Experiment:
      • Participants listened to different messages in each ear and were instructed to shadow (repeat aloud) one message.
      • Results: People could attend to only one message.
      • Information from the unattended ear was minimally processed (crude characteristics like gender, tone were noted).

    Broadbent's Early Selection Model (Bottleneck)

    • Sensory memory: holds incoming information briefly.
    • Filter: selects the attended message based on physical characteristics (e.g., tone, pitch, speed of speech).
    • Detector: processes the attended message, extracting meaning.

    Treisman's Attenuation Model

    • Selection occurs in two stages:
      • Pre-attentive analysis: analyzes all incoming information, including unattended, but at low intensity (attenuated).
      • Dictionary unit stage: critical, meaningful information is passed through a dictionary unit containing words with thresholds for activation (e.g., person's name).

    Controlling Distractors

    • Early selection: focuses on task-relevant stimuli, excluding distractors.
    • Late selection: focuses on task-relevant stimuli, preventing distractors from interfering with behaviors or memory.

    Cognitive Resources, Cognitive Load, & Task-Irrelevant Stimuli

    • Cognitive resources: limited capacity for cognitive tasks.
    • Cognitive Load: amount of resources needed for a task.
      • Low load: easy, well-practiced tasks.
      • High load: difficult, less-practiced tasks.
    • Distractor effects: more significant with low cognitive load conditions than high ones.
    • Flanker Compatibility Task: demonstrates attentional effects with compatible and incompatible flankers.

    Divided Attention

    • Automaticity: occurs with well-practiced tasks allowing for processing without conscious awareness.
    • Divided attention: ability to process multiple tasks at once.
    • Processing limitations: some cognitive tasks cannot be processed automatically.
    • Allocation of resources: the amount of cognitive resources/attention focused on a task.

    Stroop Effect

    • Task-irrelevant stimuli (e.g., words with colors): automatic responses to highly practiced tasks can hinder processing and response times.

    Attention & Visual Perception

    • Inattentional blindness: difficulty detecting unexpected or unimportant changes.
    • Visual perception: attention is focused on one thing at a time which affects visual perception.

    Change Detection

    • Change detection: ability to notice changes in scenes.
    • Importance of attention: attention is necessary for noticing changes.

    Eye Movements & Attention

    • Eye fixations: brief pauses in eye movements.
    • Saccadic eye movements: rapid movements between fixations.
    • Stimulus salience: perceptual features that capture attention.
    • Meaning attracts attention: top-down factors (prior knowledge and goals) affecting eye movements.

    Attention in Social Situations (Autism)

    • Importance of attention for social interactions.
    • Difficulties in social situations: decreased attention to others, difficulties with social cues and understanding.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Attention PDF

    Description

    Explore the different types of attention and their effects in this quiz based on psychological concepts. Understand selective, overt, covert, and divided attention, along with key studies like Cherry's Dichotic Listening Experiment. Test your knowledge of how we focus on stimuli and filter information effectively.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser