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Questions and Answers
Which feature of attachment involves the emotional distress seen when separated from the attachment figure?
Which feature of attachment involves the emotional distress seen when separated from the attachment figure?
Who is the researcher that evaluated contact comfort in rhesus monkeys?
Who is the researcher that evaluated contact comfort in rhesus monkeys?
What type of attachment is characterized by babies who freely explore their environment but get upset upon their parent leaving?
What type of attachment is characterized by babies who freely explore their environment but get upset upon their parent leaving?
What percentage of babies are generally found to have a secure attachment to their caregiver?
What percentage of babies are generally found to have a secure attachment to their caregiver?
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What term describes a baby showing little interest in the parent and not crying when the parent leaves?
What term describes a baby showing little interest in the parent and not crying when the parent leaves?
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What is defined as the biological need for contact comfort as theorized by John Bowlby?
What is defined as the biological need for contact comfort as theorized by John Bowlby?
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What is the term used to describe a child retreating to their caregiver when frightened?
What is the term used to describe a child retreating to their caregiver when frightened?
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What aspect of Mary Ainsworth's research involved observing children in a structured environment?
What aspect of Mary Ainsworth's research involved observing children in a structured environment?
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What is the main consequence of parents treating a child's questions as trivial?
What is the main consequence of parents treating a child's questions as trivial?
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What virtue is developed when a child succeeds in balancing initiative and guilt?
What virtue is developed when a child succeeds in balancing initiative and guilt?
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During which stage do children begin to learn specific skills from teachers?
During which stage do children begin to learn specific skills from teachers?
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What may happen if a child cannot develop the competencies that society values?
What may happen if a child cannot develop the competencies that society values?
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What is a key developmental task for adolescents during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
What is a key developmental task for adolescents during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
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Which two identities does Erikson suggest are involved in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
Which two identities does Erikson suggest are involved in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
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What is likely to occur if adolescents experience role confusion?
What is likely to occur if adolescents experience role confusion?
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What important balance must be maintained as children develop skills during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
What important balance must be maintained as children develop skills during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
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What virtue is associated with successful completion of the intimacy vs. isolation stage?
What virtue is associated with successful completion of the intimacy vs. isolation stage?
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What is a potential consequence of avoiding intimacy during young adulthood?
What is a potential consequence of avoiding intimacy during young adulthood?
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In which stage do adults typically focus on creating or nurturing things that will outlast them?
In which stage do adults typically focus on creating or nurturing things that will outlast them?
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What can lead to feelings of despair in older adulthood?
What can lead to feelings of despair in older adulthood?
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What virtue is developed through successful completion of the ego integrity vs. despair stage?
What virtue is developed through successful completion of the ego integrity vs. despair stage?
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During what age range does the generativity vs. stagnation stage occur?
During what age range does the generativity vs. stagnation stage occur?
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What notion does Erik Erikson emphasize regarding work and parenting?
What notion does Erik Erikson emphasize regarding work and parenting?
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What is a recognized outcome of failing to achieve generativity in adulthood?
What is a recognized outcome of failing to achieve generativity in adulthood?
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What is the primary focus of Erikson's psychosocial theory compared to Freud's theory?
What is the primary focus of Erikson's psychosocial theory compared to Freud's theory?
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During which stage do children develop a sense of trust according to Erikson's theory?
During which stage do children develop a sense of trust according to Erikson's theory?
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What outcome do children experience if they are not supported in developing their independence during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?
What outcome do children experience if they are not supported in developing their independence during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?
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At what age range do children start to assert control over their environment according to Erikson?
At what age range do children start to assert control over their environment according to Erikson?
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Which statement best describes Erikson's view on personality development?
Which statement best describes Erikson's view on personality development?
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What can happen to children who are overly praised during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?
What can happen to children who are overly praised during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?
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What is the main psychosocial crisis during the first year of life according to Erikson?
What is the main psychosocial crisis during the first year of life according to Erikson?
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Erikson emphasizes the development of which of the following during adolescence?
Erikson emphasizes the development of which of the following during adolescence?
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What is the primary focus of Stage 4 in moral development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 4 in moral development?
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What do Stage 5 and Stage 6 of moral development emphasize?
What do Stage 5 and Stage 6 of moral development emphasize?
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How do Stage 1 and Stage 4 of moral development differ?
How do Stage 1 and Stage 4 of moral development differ?
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What criticism is commonly directed at Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
What criticism is commonly directed at Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
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What is a key characteristic of Stage 5 in moral reasoning?
What is a key characteristic of Stage 5 in moral reasoning?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior according to the content?
Which statement best describes the relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior according to the content?
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What illustrates the concept of maintaining social order in Stage 4 of moral development?
What illustrates the concept of maintaining social order in Stage 4 of moral development?
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In regards to moral reasoning, which factor is suggested to play an essential role beyond justice?
In regards to moral reasoning, which factor is suggested to play an essential role beyond justice?
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Study Notes
The Formation of Attachment Theory
- Early 1900s: Psychology and medicine discouraged emotional affection and physical contact between infants and caregivers.
- Many psychologists believed emotional affection led to poor mental health.
- Medical practitioners noticed a relationship between physical contact and sickness.
- Harry Harlow, a researcher, conducted a study in the late 1958 to determine how contact comfort influences the social development of rhesus monkeys.
Attachment Theory
- John Bowlby formulated the theory that infants have a biological need for contact comfort, which is a form of love.
- Infants are biologically programmed to coo, smile, and flirt to elicit an emotional response from caregivers, which helps create an attachment.
Features of Attachment
- Proximity Maintenance: The need to be physically close to the attachment figure.
- Separation Anxiety: The emotional distress a child experiences when separated from the attachment figure.
- Safe Haven: The act of retreating to the attachment figure when scared.
- Secure Base: Feeling confident exploring the world because of the dependability of the attachment figure.
Types of Attachment
- Mary Ainsworth, a colleague of Bowlby, expanded upon attachment theory by categorizing attachment into secure and insecure types.
- Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation Assessment, a series of observational studies, to identify the different attachment types.
- Secure Attachment: Babies freely explore and return to their parent for comfort, experiencing temporary distress when the parent leaves but calming quickly upon their return.
- Insecure Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment: Babies show reluctance to leave the parent's side, and display hostility upon their return, sometimes crying for extended periods.
- Insecure Avoidant Attachment: Babies show little interest in the parent, often not crying when the parent leaves and continuing to show little interest upon the parent's return, refusing contact.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
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Level 1: Pre-Conventional: Focuses on the individual and their self-interest.
- Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience: Children obey to avoid punishment, and their understanding of right and wrong is based on consequences.
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativism: Individuals are motivated by rewards and self-interest, understanding right and wrong as a means to an end.
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Level 2: Conventional: Morality based on social norms and rules.
- Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation: Good behavior is defined by pleasing others and maintaining social expectations.
- Stage 4: Law and Order: Individuals focus on maintaining law and order, obeying laws, and respecting authority figures.
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Level 3: Post-Conventional: Moral reasoning based on ethical principles and individual conscience.
- Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights: Individuals recognize the diversity of values and opinions, prioritizing rules to ensure a functional society that respects individual rights.
- Stage 6: Universal Principles: Individuals follow internalized, universal ethical principles even if they conflict with laws or rules, prioritizing justice and fairness.
Does Moral Reasoning Lead to Moral Behavior?
- Kohlberg's theory focuses on moral thinking, but there is a significant difference between knowing what's right and actually acting on it.
- Critics argue that Kohlberg's theory overemphasizes justice as the only aspect of moral reasoning, while compassion, caring, and other interpersonal feelings play a crucial role.
- Kohlberg's theory may over-emphasize Western philosophy as it prioritizes personal rights, while collectivist cultures stress society and community.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Erikson proposed a lifespan model of development encompassing eight stages, with five stages before adulthood and three stages extending into old age.
- Erikson emphasized the importance of continuous growth and development throughout life.
- Like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed personality develops in a predetermined order, building on previous stages.
- Erikson's theory highlighted the socialization process and its impact on the development of self.
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Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development:
- Trust vs. Mistrust: (0-1 year) Infants develop trust when caregivers provide reliable, caring, and affectionate support, which lays the foundation for healthy relationships and confidence in the world.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: (1-3 years) Children assert their independence and develop self-confidence, leading to a sense of autonomy and agency.
- Initiative vs. Guilt: (3-5 years) Children begin to explore their environment and take initiative, leading to a sense of purposefulness and self-direction. Overly controlling parents can instill guilt and inhibit their initiative.
- Industry vs. Inferiority: (5-12 years) Children learn basic academic and social skills, develop competence in various activities, and gain a sense of accomplishment.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion: (12-18 years) Adolescents grapple with establishing their identity, exploring different roles and values, and ultimately forming a sense of self.
- Intimacy vs. Isolation: (18-40 years) Young adults develop intimate relationships with others and a sense of commitment, care, and belonging.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation: (40-65 years) Adults find meaning in their lives through work, family, and community involvement, contributing to society and leaving a positive legacy.
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair: (65+ years) Older adults reflect on their lives, accepting their accomplishments and limitations, and achieving a sense of wholeness and peace. If they feel unfulfilled, they may experience despair.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of Attachment Theory, including historical perspectives and key researchers like John Bowlby and Harry Harlow. Understand the biological need for contact comfort and the emotional responses that foster caregiver-infant bonds.
