Attachment Theory and Self-Esteem Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which hypothesis suggests that idealizing a partner increases happiness for both individuals in the relationship?

  • Projected Illusions Hypothesis (correct)
  • Self-Esteem Hypothesis
  • Reflected Appraisal Hypothesis
  • Transformation Hypothesis

What effect does low self-esteem have on relationship dynamics according to the content?

  • Leads to assumptions of inevitable rejection (correct)
  • Enhances emotional support
  • Promotes unconditional acceptance
  • Increases positive partner appraisal

What impact does maternal separation in early childhood have on later mental health according to Bowlby's work?

  • It has no effect on mental health.
  • It contributes to higher delinquency and mental illness. (correct)
  • It leads to increased emotional stability.
  • It exclusively promotes positive social behavior.

In Sandra Murray's research, which group was found to rate their partners more positively than the partners rated themselves?

<p>Married individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the hypothesis that explains how partners' perceptions can influence each other's self-esteem?

<p>Reflected Appraisal Hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Ainsworth's Strange Situation primarily observe in infants?

<p>Reactions to separations and reunions with caregivers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What attachment style is characterized by individuals who distance themselves emotionally during stress?

<p>Avoidant attachment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that illusions can help relationships withstand negative events?

<p>Buffering Hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of Hazan & Shaver's Love Quiz in relation to attachment?

<p>There is a link between childhood attachment styles and adult romantic relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what should individuals in committed relationships aim to shift their focus towards over time for long-term stability?

<p>Self-verification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mario Mchulenzer's study on stress, which behavior was observed in anxious individuals post-Gulf War?

<p>They experienced a greater degree of distress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome was noted in the study involving 116 dating couples regarding the role of illusions?

<p>Men with illusions were more likely to withstand negativity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the better-than-average effect observed in men who identify strongly with their romantic relationship?

<p>They rate their partners more positively than the partners rate themselves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the development of four attachment styles add to the understanding of childhood adversity?

<p>It links fearful attachment to severe childhood adversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the attachment system respond when a person experiences a threat or distress?

<p>It assesses the availability of attachment figures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three original attachment styles identified in early research?

<p>Secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural context influence the happiness advantage of being religious?

<p>It can amplify or negate the effects of social support and purpose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about future happiness predictions?

<p>Winning the lottery leads to sustainable joy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding in the study comparing experiences and material possessions?

<p>Spending on experiences offers greater and longer-lasting happiness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the concept of the 'hedonic treadmill'?

<p>People return to a baseline happiness level after changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does generosity relate to personal happiness according to recent studies?

<p>It fulfills psychological needs and enhances self-perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has research shown about people's emotional adaptability to changes in wealth or health?

<p>People quickly adjust to changes, reducing their long-term emotional impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Selection Hypothesis suggest about happier individuals?

<p>They are more likely to get married due to appealing traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the expectation that happiness will stabilize back to baseline after a significant life event?

<p>Setpoint Theory Prediction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the findings regarding spending behavior suggest about material possessions versus experiences?

<p>Experiences create lasting memories and connections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do affective forecasting errors indicate about human emotions?

<p>They reflect an overestimation of future emotional states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indication of the Ceiling Effect in relation to marriage and happiness?

<p>Happier individuals show less capacity for increased happiness with marriage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do individuals experience heightened reactions to life changes such as marriage?

<p>Reaction Phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Adaptation Phase after significant life events?

<p>Individuals return to their baseline happiness levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Crisis View suggest about life transitions like marriage and widowhood?

<p>They initially disrupt happiness but individuals eventually adapt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the happiness patterns of individuals before marriage differ based on their pre-marriage happiness levels?

<p>Less happy individuals experience a stronger positive reaction to marriage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is commonly observed in life satisfaction one year prior to marriage?

<p>An increase in life satisfaction linked to relationship decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which moral motive is most specifically aligned with body shame in relation to eating behaviors?

<p>Symbolic eating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In studies about sexism and media exposure, what behavior is significantly observed in men after watching sexist films?

<p>Higher likelihood of sexual harassment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes why individuals may support social systems that disadvantage their own group?

<p>System justification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept is influenced by 'mortality salience' in relation to cultural worldviews?

<p>Terror Management Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism leveled against Fazio's Sequential Priming studies?

<p>Insufficient trials leading to low reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Cialdini argue is the true motivator of behavior that may appear altruistic?

<p>Personal distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of accessibility refers to ideas that are always mentally available to an individual?

<p>Chronic accessibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale was used to assess dehumanization through explicit measures?

<p>Ascent of Man Scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of happiness is more dependent on interpretation rather than external circumstances?

<p>Psychological resilience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of money use is indicated to contribute more consistently to well-being?

<p>Investing in experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does construal affect our subjective well-being?

<p>It influences our interpretations of experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process better predicts relationship satisfaction according to McNulty's study?

<p>Implicit measures of associations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of threat is primarily concerned with challenges to one's self-esteem?

<p>Ego Threat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which construct is described as always being on one’s mental radar?

<p>Chronically accessible constructs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious feelings in shaping emotional experiences?

<p>Implicit vs. explicit processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is not mentioned as a contributor to sustained happiness?

<p>Avoiding social interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bowlby's Maternal Separation

Early childhood separation from the primary caregiver was linked to higher delinquency and mental illness in adolescents.

Strange Situation

A study designed to observe how infants react to separations and reunions with their caregivers.

Attachment Styles (Ainsworth)

Infants display different attachment patterns: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant. These patterns reflect their relationship with the primary caregiver.

Hazan & Shaver's Love Quiz

A survey that explored the link between early attachment experiences and adult romantic relationships.

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Attachment System Activation

When facing threats or distress, the attachment system kicks in to seek support and safety from loved ones.

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Secure Attachment Coping

Securely attached individuals cope with stress by seeking social support and reassurance from loved ones.

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Anxious Attachment Coping

Anxious individuals tend to focus on their emotions and seek constant reassurance from loved ones in stressful situations.

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Avoidant Attachment Coping

Avoidant individuals distance themselves from others and suppress their emotions when faced with stress.

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Projected Illusions Hypothesis

The idea that the more you idealize your partner, the happier you feel in the relationship.

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Reflected Illusions Hypothesis

The idea that your positive view of your partner can actually make them feel happier in the relationship.

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Buffering Hypothesis

Illusions can act as a shield against negative events in a relationship, helping it endure.

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Reflected Appraisal Hypothesis

Your partner's perception of you can influence your own self-esteem and how you see yourself.

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Transformation Hypothesis

Illusions can help you reinterpret your partner's flaws as virtues.

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Low Self-Esteem and Relationships

People with low self-esteem may project their insecurities onto their partners, fearing rejection and potentially pushing them away.

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High Self-Esteem and Relationships

People with high self-esteem see the relationship as a safe and supportive space, feeling secure in their partner's acceptance.

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Marriage Shift

Over time, couples should move from relying on relationship illusions to focusing on mutual understanding and acceptance (self-verification) for long-term stability.

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Construal

A motivated process that shapes how we perceive and interpret the world, acting as a lens influenced by our motives and context.

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Construct Activation

The process where certain ideas or mental models are readily accessible in our minds, either due to frequent use or personal importance.

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Chronic Accessibility

A type of construct activation where certain ideas or models are always mentally available, often deeply rooted in our self-concept.

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Moral Motives

Underlying reasons that influence our moral choices.

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Body Shame

Negative feelings about one's body, often linked to self-objectification and disordered eating.

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Symbolic Eating

A type of disordered eating where food is used to manage emotions or cope with stress.

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Dehumanization

The process of perceiving others as less than human, often leading to prejudice and discrimination.

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Mortality Salience

The awareness of one's own mortality, which can lead to a desire to defend cultural worldviews and seek meaning.

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Subjective Well-being

A person's overall satisfaction with their life, including their happiness, meaning, and relationships. It goes beyond just achievements and grades.

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Baseline Phase

The period before significant life events, where we measure an individual's initial happiness levels.

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Reaction Phase

The time immediately following a life-changing event, where happiness can significantly fluctuate (up or down).

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Adaptation Phase

The period after the initial reaction, where happiness gradually returns to its baseline level.

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Setpoint Theory

The idea that our happiness levels have a natural 'setpoint' we tend to return to after life changes.

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Selection Hypothesis

The idea that happier people are more likely to get married because their positive traits attract partners.

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Social Role Hypothesis

Suggests that different marital statuses (married, divorced, widowed) come with their own unique challenges to happiness.

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Hedonic Leveling

The tendency for our happiness to level out, even after major life changes, due to adaptability.

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Religion & Happiness

Religion can increase happiness due to social support and purpose, but this effect varies depending on the culture.

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Affective Forecasting Error

We often overestimate how happy or unhappy future events will make us. We usually adapt to changes, so our emotions tend to normalize.

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Experiences vs. Possessions

Spending money on experiences, like travel or concerts, makes us happier for a longer time than buying material things like clothes or gadgets.

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Wealth & Altruism

Spending money on others or charitable causes provides more happiness than spending it solely on ourselves.

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Hedonic Treadmill

We tend to return to a baseline level of happiness even after major life changes, whether positive or negative.

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Happiness Adaptation

We get used to changes in our lives, including wealth, relationships, and health, which diminishes their long-term impact on our happiness.

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Factors Influencing Happiness

Happiness is influenced by various factors like social connections, purpose, experiences, and giving back to others.

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Happiness is Adaptive

Our emotions are flexible and can adjust to different situations, reminding us that happiness is a dynamic process.

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How does construal affect well-being?

Our perspective on events and our subjective well-being are influenced by the way we 'construe' them. For example, a person with a chronically anxious attachment style may interpret relationships differently than someone whose attachment is situationally activated.

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Implicit Measures of Relationship Satisfaction

Unconscious feelings or associations about our relationships – often better predictors of long-term happiness than what we consciously say.

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Ego Threat

A challenge to our self-esteem – like when we fail at something we care about.

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Group Threat

A challenge to our social identity or belonging to a group – like feeling threatened by negative stereotypes about our group.

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Existential Threat

Fear of death or deep insecurities about the meaning of life – like fear of the unknown or feeling insignificant.

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What's more important for happiness?

Sustained happiness depends less on external circumstances and more on how we interpret and respond to life events. Money matters for basic needs, but relationships, meaningful experiences, and altruism contribute more to well-being.

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Study Notes

Attachment Theory

  • Attachment theory explores the importance of early childhood attachments for emotional development.

  • Attachment styles, identified through the Strange Situation Procedure, significantly impact adult relationships.

  • Attachment in adults encompasses secure, avoidant, anxious- ambivalent, and fearful styles. Each has discernible behaviors.

  • Attachment theory, according to prominent figures like Bowlby and Ainsworth, impacts emotional health and proximity needs.

  • Attachment styles in adulthood can be assessed through self- report measures like the Love Quiz.

Self-Esteem as a Social Indicator

  • Leary's Sociometer Model proposes self-esteem as a gauge for social acceptance.

  • Feeling excluded produces a drop in self-esteem.

  • Social connection is essential for maintaining appropriate self-esteem levels.

Stress

  • Stress triggers the attachment system
  • People respond to stress differently contingent on their attachment style

  • Individuals with secure attachment styles often seek support during stress.

  • People with anxious attachment styles usually rely on emotion-focused coping strategies.

  • Individuals with avoidant styles often use distancing strategies to cope with stress.

  • Positive views of oneself and one's partner influence happiness in a relationship.

Studies on Attachment and Stress

  • Shaver's study suggests that attachment styles impact how people cope with stress.

  • Studies by Mario McHulenzer explored how attachment styles could predict responses to stress.

  • Attachment styles, like those studied by Hazan and Shaver, remain relatively stable.

  • Research suggests that people respond to stress in predictable ways depending on their attachment styles.

  • Priming studies, (e.g., by Pierce) showed how implicit activation of attachment bonds could influence coping.

  • Studies by Mikulincer and others explore how attachment patterns may lead to greater or lesser resilience to life stressors.

  • Research consistently shows that secure attachment styles are related to better relationship outcomes compared to other styles.

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Related Documents

Attachment Theory Lecture Notes PSYC215 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the nuanced concepts of attachment theory and its influence on emotional development. It also examines self-esteem as a social indicator and its relation to attachment styles and stress responses. Test your understanding of these psychological principles and their implications in adulthood.

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