Attachment Styles and Self-Perception

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'anxious/ambivalent attachment' refer to?

One of the four attachment styles characterized by the preoccupation with relationships, where intimacy is both desired and feared. It is fostered by inconsistent treatment from a caregiver.

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of a secure attachment style?

  • A consistent and responsive caregiver in early childhood.
  • Comfort with both closeness and independence.
  • A positive view of oneself and others.
  • A tendency to be aloof and distant in relationships. (correct)

What is the 'generalized other' in social communication?

The generalized other represents one's perception of the rules, roles, and attitudes endorsed by their group or community.

Define the concept of 'life script' and how it is formed.

<p>A life script is a guide to action based on rules for living and identity. It is initially communicated within families, defining our roles, how we play them, and the basic elements of our life's plot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between 'self-disclosure' and 'reflected appraisal'.

<p>Self-disclosure is the revelation of personal information that others are unlikely to discover through other means. Reflected appraisal is the image and estimate of ourselves that others communicate to us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-sabotaging thoughts can actually lead to positive change and growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key principle behind 'uncertainty reduction theory' in interpersonal communication?

<p>The theory suggests that people find uncertainty uncomfortable and are motivated to reduce it through communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following styles of loving with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Eros = Passionate, intense, and erotic. Ludus = Playful and sometimes manipulative. Storge = Based on friendship, even-keeled. Mania = Obsessive, often reflecting personal insecurity. Pragma = Practical considerations and criteria for attachment. Agape = Selfless, focused on the other's happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a relationship dialectic?

<p>Commitment/Intimacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the concept of 'relationship culture' and its role in intimacy.

<p>Relationship culture is a private world of rules, understandings, and patterns of acting and interpreting behavior that partners create to give meaning to their relationship. It forms the nucleus of intimacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'matching hypothesis' in the context of interpersonal attraction?

<p>The matching hypothesis predicts that people will seek relationships with others who closely match their values, attitudes, social background, and physical attractiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a constructive response to relationship dialectics?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'investment' in relationship commitment?

<p>Investments, which are things put into a relationship that cannot be recovered if it ends, can make a relationship more enduring than love alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'intrapsychic processes' stage of relationship decay involves active conflict and communication between partners.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between 'power over' and 'power to'?

<p>Power over is the ability to help or harm others, often communicated in ways that emphasize the status and influence of the person exerting power. Power to is the ability to empower others to reach their goals, generally characterized by a focus on helping others and without highlighting one's own status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of 'groupthink'?

<p>Conforming to the group's dominant opinion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a formal statement of practice that reflects and upholds an organization's culture.

<p>policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between 'rites' and 'rituals' in organizational communication.

<p>Rites are dramatic events that bring together aspects of an organization's cultural ideology. Rituals are regularly occurring communication patterns that members perceive as routine and reinforce specific values or roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of workplace bullying?

<p>A desire to build camaraderie and team spirit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'communication apprehension', and what are some ways to reduce it?

<p>Communication apprehension is anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication encounters. It can be reduced through techniques like cognitive restructuring, positive visualization, and skills training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence involves using a single instance to make a point or dramatize an idea?

<p>Examples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between 'initial credibility' and 'derived credibility'?

<p>Initial credibility is based on a speaker's established titles, positions, experiences, or achievements known to listeners before the presentation. Derived credibility refers to the expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker based on their communication during the presentation itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of 'oral footnote' and why it is important in public speaking.

<p>An oral footnote is a phrase or sentence in a speech that acknowledges the source of evidence and sometimes explains the source's qualifications. It adds credibility to the speaker by showing respect for others' work and demonstrating thoroughness in supporting claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which delivery style involves speaking from a complete manuscript of a speech, often word for word?

<p>Manuscript delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'halo effect' refers to attributing expertise in one area to someone who is actually an expert in a different field.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major types of speeches, and what are their respective goals?

<p>The three types of speeches are speeches to inform, speeches to persuade, and speeches to entertain. Speeches to inform aim to increase listeners' knowledge or understanding, speeches to persuade seek to change attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, and speeches to entertain aim to amuse and engage listeners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of anxious/ambivalent attachment?

<p>Preoccupation with relationships, wanting intimacy but also fearing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an attachment style?

<p>The pattern of interaction between a child and their primary caregiver, shaping the child's understanding of self and others, and influencing how they approach relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are NOT one of the four attachment styles?

<p>Avoidant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of direct definition in communication?

<p>Direct definition explicitly labels individuals and reacts to their behaviors, shaping their understanding of who they are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a view of others as unworthy of love and the self as adequate yet removed from intimate relationships?

<p>Dismissive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a person who communicates negatively about our worth?

<p>A downer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of the fearful attachment style?

<p>It is characterized by a perception of oneself as unworthy of love.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the generalized other represent?

<p>The generalized other represents our perception of the norms, roles, and attitudes that our group or community endorses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a life script is.

<p>A life script is a guide for behavior based on rules for living and identity, shaped by our early experiences and relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are particular others?

<p>Particular others are significant individuals who have a strong influence on our values, perspectives, and esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does reflected appraisal influence our self-image?

<p>Reflected appraisal is the feedback we receive from others about ourselves, shaping our understanding of our qualities and abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the defining characteristic of the secure attachment style.

<p>Secure attachment is characterized by viewing oneself and others as worthy of love and being comfortable in both intimacy and independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'self' in communication?

<p>The self is a multidimensional process involving the formation of social perspectives and their application in interactions with both others and ourselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-disclosure in communication?

<p>Self-disclosure is the act of revealing personal information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover through other means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy.

<p>A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when our own beliefs or expectations about ourselves or others lead us to behave in ways that confirm those beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-sabotage?

<p>Self-sabotage involves negative self-talk that undermines our belief in ourselves and our ability to succeed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social comparison?

<p>Social comparison is the act of comparing ourselves to others to assess our talents, abilities, and qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the uncertainty reduction theory.

<p>The uncertainty reduction theory states that people are motivated to reduce uncertainty because it makes them feel uncomfortable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'upper' in communication?

<p>An upper is an individual who communicates positive messages about our worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'vulture' in communication?

<p>A vulture is someone who attacks others' or their own self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe agape as a style of loving.

<p>Agape is a selfless and selfless form of love, focused on the other person's happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the autonomy/connection dialectic in relationships?

<p>The autonomy/connection dialectic represents the tension between the need for personal independence and the desire for intimacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of commitment in romantic relationships?

<p>Commitment is the decision to stay in a relationship and is a key factor in relationship longevity, often more influential than love alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dyadic process stage in relationship decay?

<p>The dyadic process stage involves partners openly discussing problems and possible futures for their relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the core principle of equity theory in relationships.

<p>Equity theory states that individuals are happier and more satisfied in relationships where they perceive the benefits and costs as being about equal for both partners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of eros as a style of loving?

<p>Eros love is passionate, intense, and erotic, often driven by strong physical and emotional attraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the grave dressing processes in a relationship's deterioration?

<p>Partners individually assign meaning to the relationship and put it to rest, moving on from the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of intrapsychic processes in the disintegration of a romantic relationship?

<p>Intrapsychic processes involve partners reflecting on their dissatisfaction and issues within the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does investment influence commitment in a relationship?

<p>Investment refers to resources put into a relationship that cannot be easily recovered if the relationship ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the playful and sometimes manipulative nature of ludus love.

<p>Ludus love is playful and non-serious, often involving games and a lack of commitment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes mania a distinctive style of loving?

<p>Mania love is an obsessive and often possessive style, characterized by intense passion and emotional volatility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the matching hypothesis explain attraction?

<p>The matching hypothesis suggests that people tend to seek relationships with others who share similar characteristics, such as values, attitudes, social background, and physical attractiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neutralization as a response to relationship dialectics?

<p>Neutralization involves balancing or finding a compromise between the opposing needs within a dialectic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the novelty/predictability dialectic in relationships.

<p>The novelty/predictability dialectic represents the tension between the desire for new experiences and the desire for routines and familiarity in a relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the openness/closedness dialectic in relationships?

<p>The openness/closedness dialectic addresses the tension between the need for personal privacy and the desire to share intimate thoughts and feelings with our partner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between passion and commitment?

<p>Passion refers to intensely positive feelings and desires for another person, while commitment is the decision to remain in a relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are personal relationships different from social relationships?

<p>Personal relationships are unique, irreplaceable, and governed by specific rules and understandings, while social relationships are more replaceable and follow general social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychological responsibility in domestic tasks and parenting?

<p>Psychological responsibility involves the mental burden of remembering, planning, and coordinating domestic work and childcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain reframing as a response to relationship dialectics.

<p>Reframing involves transcending the apparent contradiction between two dialectical poles and reinterpreting them as not in tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relationship culture?

<p>Relationship culture is the private world of shared rules, understandings, and patterns of behavior that partners develop to give meaning to their relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are relationship dialectics?

<p>Relationship dialectics are the tensions between opposing forces or tendencies that are inherent in all relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of resurrection processes in the dissolution of romantic relationships?

<p>Resurrection processes involve individuals redefining themselves and their futures without the former partner, moving on from the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rules shape relationships?

<p>Rules are patterned ways of behaving and interpreting behavior that emerge in all relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe segmentation as a response to relationship dialectics.

<p>Segmentation involves satisfying one dialectical need while ignoring or not satisfying the contradictory need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is separation as a response to relationship dialectics?

<p>Separation involves assigning one pole of a dialectic to specific spheres of activities or topics and the contradictory pole to distinct spheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social relationships differ from personal relationships?

<p>Social relationships are replaceable, guided by broad social scripts and rules, and involve conventional roles, while personal relationships are irreplaceable, unique, and involve deeper levels of intimacy and commitment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of social support processes in the disintegration of romantic relationships?

<p>Social support processes involve partners seeking emotional support and practical assistance from others during the breakdown of their romantic relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is storage love?

<p>Storage love is grounded in friendship, characterized by stability, calmness, and a deep friendship bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a turning point in relationships.

<p>A turning point is a significant event or experience that alters the level of intimacy or closeness in a relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of brainstorming in groups?

<p>Brainstorming is a group technique for generating potential solutions to a problem by encouraging a free flow of ideas without immediate criticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does climate communication contribute to constructive group decision-making?

<p>Climate communication focuses on creating and sustaining an open and engaged atmosphere for group discussion, fostering a positive and productive environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cohesion in a group?

<p>Group cohesion refers to the closeness, feeling of unity, or esprit de corps among members of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the distinguishing characteristics of constructive conflict in groups?

<p>Constructive conflict involves respect for diverse opinion, emphasis on shared interests and goals, and a win-win orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the defining features of disruptive conflict in groups.

<p>Disruptive conflict is characterized by competitive communication, self-centeredness, and a win-lose orientation, often leading to tension, hostility, and a breakdown in communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how egocentric communication disrupts group processes.

<p>Egocentric communication is an unconstructive form of group contribution that blocks others or seeks attention for oneself, often hindering group progress and creating a negative dynamic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a group?

<p>A group involves more than two people who interact over time, are interdependent, and follow shared rules of conduct to achieve a common goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groupthink and how does it affect group decision-making?

<p>Groupthink is the absence of critical and independent thinking among group members, where the desire for conformity and consensus overrides rational decision-making and critical evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of effective leadership in a group?

<p>Effective leadership involves behaviors that maintain a good group climate and enable the group to accomplish tasks in an organized way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a norm in a group or culture?

<p>A norm is an informal rule that guides how members of a group or culture think, feel, and act, defining what is considered normal or appropriate in various situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is power in group communication?

<p>Power is the ability to influence others, a feature of small groups that affects participation and dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between power over and power to in group communication?

<p>Power over involves the ability to help or harm others, often communicated in ways that highlight the influence and status of the person wielding power, while power to empowers others to reach their goals and does not emphasize the power-holder's influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does procedural communication contribute to constructive group decision-making?

<p>Procedural communication focuses on organizing ideas, coordinating contributions, and maintaining structure in group discussions, ensuring a smooth flow of ideas and a clear focus on the task at hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a quality improvement team, and why are they important in organizations?

<p>A quality improvement team consists of individuals from different departments or areas of an organization who collaborate to solve problems, meet needs, and improve the quality of work life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social climbing, and how does it impact group dynamics?

<p>Social climbing is the attempt to increase personal status within a group by seeking approval from high-status members, sometimes at the expense of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does synergy enhance group performance?

<p>Synergy is a special kind of collaborative vitality that enhances the individual energies, talents, and strengths of group members, creating a powerful and productive dynamic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of task communication in constructive group decision-making?

<p>Task communication focuses on giving and analyzing information and ideas, ensuring that the group is effectively addressing the task at hand and making informed decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a team from a general group?

<p>A team is a special kind of group characterized by different and complementary resources of members and a strong sense of collective identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a communication network within an organization?

<p>A communication network refers to the links among members of an organization, including both formal (e.g., organizational charts) and informal (e.g., friendship groups).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organizational culture?

<p>Organizational culture represents the shared understandings, beliefs, and values that define an organization's identity and shape how members think and act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a policy in an organization?

<p>A policy is a formal statement of practice that upholds and reflects an organization's culture, providing a framework for governing behavior and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rite in organizational communication?

<p>A rite is a planned event or ceremony that dramatizes and embodies the values and ideology of an organization, often involving symbolic gestures and rituals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a role in organizational communication.

<p>A role is defined by the responsibilities and behaviors expected of a person based on their position in an organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of structure in organizational communication?

<p>Structure refers to the organized relationships and interactions between members of an organization, including roles, rules, policies, and communication networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is workplace bullying, and how does it impact work environments?

<p>Workplace bullying is the repeated use of hostile behaviors by individuals with greater power against those with lesser power, creating a toxic and harmful work environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain cognitive restructuring as a method for reducing communication apprehension.

<p>Cognitive restructuring involves teaching individuals to revise their negative thoughts and beliefs about speaking situations, replacing them with more positive and realistic perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is communication apprehension?

<p>Communication apprehension refers to the anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication encounters, a common experience that can be both constructive and problematic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does comparison function as a form of evidence?

<p>Comparison, or analogy, is a form of evidence that associates two things that are similar or different in some important ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is credibility, and why is it important for speakers?

<p>Credibility is the ability of a person to inspire belief in what they say or do, a crucial factor in influencing audiences and persuading them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is derived credibility acquired?

<p>Derived credibility is the expertise and trustworthiness attributed to a speaker by listeners based on how the speaker communicates during a presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of evidence in presentations?

<p>Evidence is material used to interest, move, inform, or persuade listeners, including statistics, examples, comparisons, and quotations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the different types of examples used as evidence.

<p>The four main types of examples are undetailed (brief mentions), detailed (thorough descriptions), hypothetical (imagined scenarios), and anecdotal (personal stories).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extemporaneous delivery, and what are its advantages?

<p>Extemporaneous delivery involves preparation and practice but not memorization, allowing for a natural and engaging presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the halo effect in the context of credibility.

<p>The halo effect occurs when listeners attribute expertise to a speaker in areas unrelated to their actual expertise, often based on their reputation or prominence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is impromptu delivery, and when would it be appropriate?

<p>Impromptu delivery involves little preparation and relies on speakers thinking on their feet, suitable for informal occasions or when responding to unexpected requests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is initial credibility established before a presentation begins?

<p>Initial credibility is based on the speaker's titles, positions, experiences, or achievements that are already known to listeners, establishing a foundation of expertise and trustworthiness before the presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is manuscript delivery, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

<p>Manuscript delivery involves speaking from a complete manuscript of a speech, offering a precise and controlled presentation but potentially hindering naturalness and audience connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of memorized delivery?

<p>Memorized delivery involves delivering a speech word for word from memory, offering a polished and prepared presentation but potentially sacrificing spontaneity and naturalness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oral footnote, and why is it important?

<p>An oral footnote is a phrase or sentence in a speech that acknowledges the source of evidence and sometimes explains the source's qualifications, enhancing the credibility and reliability of the information presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of oral style in presentations.

<p>Oral style encompasses the visual, vocal, and verbal aspects of delivering a public speech or other communication, contributing to its effectiveness and engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive visualization, and how does it help reduce speaking anxiety?

<p>Positive visualization is a technique for reducing speaking anxiety that involves mentally picturing oneself communicating effectively in progressively challenging speaking situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a quotation, and what are the considerations for using it effectively in speeches?

<p>A quotation is a form of evidence that uses exact citations of others' statements, also known as testimony, and should be accurate, relevant, and from credible sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe skills training as a method for reducing communication apprehension.

<p>Skills training assumes that anxiety arises from a lack of speaking skills, so it involves learning various speaking techniques and skills to boost confidence and reduce apprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific purpose of a speech?

<p>The specific purpose is what a speaker aims to accomplish by presenting a speech, often referred to as behavioral objectives and clearly defining the intended outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a speech to entertain?

<p>A speech to entertain aims to amuse, interest, and engage listeners, offering entertainment and lightheartedness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of a speech to inform?

<p>A speech to inform aims to increase listeners' understanding, awareness, or knowledge of a specific topic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the objective of a speech to persuade?

<p>A speech to persuade aims to change listeners' attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, or to motivate them to take action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are statistics as a form of evidence, and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

<p>Statistics are a form of evidence that uses numbers to summarize data and demonstrate relationships, offering a powerful way to back up claims and provide a sense of objectivity, but they can be misinterpreted or misused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attachment Style

The pattern of interaction between a child and their primary caregiver, shaping the child's understanding of self, others, and relationships.

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

A style characterized by preoccupation with relationships, wanting intimacy but fearing it. Fostered by inconsistent caregiver treatment.

Dismissive Attachment Style

A style where individuals view others as unworthy of love and themselves as adequate, but separate from intimacy. Fostered by disinterested or rejecting caregivers.

Fearful Attachment Style

A style characterized by the perception of self as unworthy of love. Developed due to dismissive or abusive caregivers.

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Secure Attachment Style

A style fostered by consistently loving and responsive caregivers. Individuals feel worthy of love and comfortable in both alone and in relationships.

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Direct Definition

Communication that explicitly labels us and reacts to our behaviors, shaping our self-perception.

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Reflected Appraisal

The image and assessment of ourselves that others communicate to us.

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Generalized Other

The collective perspective representing the rules, roles, and attitudes endorsed by one's group or community.

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Particular Others

Specific individuals significant to the self, influencing values, perspectives, and esteem.

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Life Script

A guide to action based on rules for living and identity, defining roles and plot elements of life.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Acting in ways that confirm others' or our own expectations or judgments of ourselves.

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Self-Sabotage

Negative self-talk that undermines self-belief and motivation for change and growth.

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Social Comparison

Comparing ourselves to others to judge our talents, abilities, and qualities.

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Uncertainty Reduction Theory

The theory that people find uncertainty uncomfortable and use communication to reduce it.

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Agape

Selfless love focused on the other's happiness.

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Eros

Passionate, intense, and erotic love.

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Ludus

Playful and sometimes manipulative love.

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Mania

Obsessive, possessive, and often insecure love.

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Pragma

Practical and logical love based on compatibility and shared goals.

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Storage

Love based on friendship, stable and even-keeled.

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Autonomy/Connection

The tension between the need for independence and the need for intimacy.

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Novelty/Predictability

The tension between the desire for new experiences and the desire for routines.

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Openness/Closedness

The tension between the desire to share and the desire to maintain privacy.

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Relationship Dialectics

The tensions between opposing forces that are normal parts of relationships.

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Relationship Culture

The private world of rules, understandings, and patterns that give meaning to a relationship.

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Turning Point

Events or experiences that change the intimacy level of a relationship.

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Study Notes

Attachment Styles

  • Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment: Characterized by a desire for intimacy, but also a fear of it. Caused by inconsistent treatment from a caregiver.
  • Dismissive Attachment: Believes others are unworthy of love, while perceiving self as adequate yet removed from intimate relationships. Develops due to disinterest, rejection, or abuse from a caregiver.
  • Fearful Attachment: Perceives self as unworthy of love. Originates from dismissive, rejecting, or abusive caregiver interactions.
  • Secure Attachment: Develops when a caregiver consistently demonstrates loving and attentive behavior. Viewing self and others as worthy; comfort in both intimate and solitary situations.
  • Attachment Style: The pattern of caregiver-child interaction, shaping a child's understanding of self, others, and relationships.
  • Four Attachment Styles: Anxious/ambivalent, dismissive, fearful, and secure.

Communication and Self-Perception

  • Direct Definition: Explicit communication labeling individuals and responding to their behaviors; primarily develops within families, then with peers.
  • Downer: A person communicating negatively about one's worth.
  • Generalized Other: The collective perception of society's rules, roles, and attitudes.
  • Life Script: A guide for living derived from family interactions, defining roles, interactions, and life's plot.
  • Particular Others: Significant individuals influencing personal values, perception, and self-esteem.
  • Reflected Appraisal: The image or estimate of the self conveyed by others.
  • Self: A dynamic process shaped through interactions with others and the self.
  • Self-Disclosure: Sharing personal information unlikely to be discovered otherwise.
  • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Acting in alignment with expectations of others or oneself.
  • Self-Sabotage: Negative self-talk undermining self-belief and motivation.
  • Social Comparison: Evaluating personal qualities based on comparisons with others.
  • Uncertainty Reduction Theory: Explains the motivation to reduce uncertainty in interpersonal interactions.
  • Upper: A person communicating positive messages about one's worth.
  • Vulture: A person who attacks a person's self-esteem, potentially attacking the individual or themselves.

Love Styles

  • Agape: Selfless love focused on another's happiness.
  • Autonomy/Connection: Tension between independence and intimacy in relationships.
  • Commitment: The decision to remain in a relationship, more influential than love alone.
  • Equity Theory: Relationships where partners perceive equal gains/costs are happier and more fulfilling.
  • Eros: Passionate, intense, erotic love.
  • Ludus: Playful, sometimes manipulative love.
  • Mania: Obsessive, insecurity-driven love.
  • Pragma: Practical and criterion-based love.
  • Storage: Friendship-based, even-keeled love.

Relationship Processes and Decay

  • Dyadic Processes: Discussing relationship problems and future possibilities. Not all relationships experience this phase.
  • Grave Dressing Processes: Individuals redefine aspects of a relationship's meaning.
  • Intrapsychic Processes: Brooding privately over relationship problems.
  • Investment: Non-recoverable elements in a relationship; greater investment increases commitment.
  • Novelty/Predictability: The tension between change and routine.
  • Openness/Closedness: The tension between disclosure and privacy in relationships.
  • Passion: Intense positive feelings and desires for another person.
  • Personal Relationship: Unique, rule-governed, dialectical relationship with commitment and embeddedness.
  • Relationship Culture: Shared rules, values, practices central to relationship intimacy.
  • Relationship Dialectics: Inherent tensions in all relationships (e.g., autonomy/connection).
  • Resurrection Processes: Defining individual futures after relationship dissolution.
  • Rules: Patterned ways of behaving and interpreting behavior in a relationship.
  • Social Relationship: Replaceable relationship with social norms and roles.
  • Social Support Processes: Seeking emotional support and practical assistance related to relationship problems.
  • Turning Point: Specific experiences or events altering relationship intimacy.

Group Communication

  • Brainstorming: Generating solutions without judgment.
  • Climate Communication: Creating a receptive environment for group discussion.
  • Cohesion: Feeling of unity among group members.
  • Constructive Conflict: Respectful disagreement focusing on shared goals.
  • Disruptive Conflict: Disagreement marked by competition and self-interest.
  • Egocentric Communication: Self-serving communication hindering group progress.
  • Group: Three or more interacting individuals with shared rules and goals.
  • Groupthink: Absence of critical thinking.
  • Leadership: Behaviors influencing group function and task accomplishment.
  • Norm: Informal rule guiding group thought, feeling, and action.
  • Power: The ability to influence others impacting participation.
  • Power Over: Ability to help or harm others.
  • Power To: Ability to empower others.
  • Procedural Communication: Organizing ideas and coordinating discussion.
  • Quality Improvement Team: Group from different departments improving workplace quality.
  • Social Climbing: Increasing status by gaining approval of high-status members.
  • Synergy: Enhancing group goals by combining members' strengths.
  • Task Communication: Focusing on information sharing and analysis.
  • Team: Group with complementary resources and collective identity.
  • Matching Hypothesis: People seek relationships with similar others.

Organizational Communication

  • Communication Network: Links between organizational members (formal or informal).
  • Organizational Culture: Shared identity, beliefs, and behaviors within an organization.
  • Policy: Formal statement reflecting organizational culture.
  • Rite: Planned event embodying organizational values.
  • Ritual: Recurring communication pattern expressing organizational values.
  • Role: Responsibilities and expected behaviors based on position.
  • Structure: Organized interaction between organizational members, roles, rules, policy, and networks.
  • Workplace Bullying: Repeated hostile behaviors by those in power against others.

Public Speaking

  • Cognitive Restructuring: Modifying thoughts about speaking situations to reduce anxiety.
  • Communication Apprehension: Anxiety associated with communication encounters.
  • Comparison: Associating similar or different things in a presentation (analogy).
  • Credibility: Speaker's believability.
  • Derived Credibility: Speaker believability gained during the presentation.
  • Evidence: Materials supporting a message (statistics, examples, comparisons, and quotations).
  • Example: Specific instance supporting an idea (undetailed, detailed, hypothetical, anecdotal).
  • Extemporaneous Delivery: Prepared and rehearsed presentation, not memorized.
  • Halo Effect: Attributing expertise in unrelated areas.
  • Impromptu Delivery: Speaking without preparation.
  • Initial Credibility: Initial perceptions of a speaker's believability.
  • Manuscript Delivery: Speaking from a written script.
  • Memorized Delivery: Delivering a speech from memory.
  • Oral Footnote: Acknowledging a source and explaining expertise.
  • Oral Style: Presentation's visual, vocal, and verbal components.
  • Positive Visualization: Reducing speaking anxiety through positive imagery.
  • Quotation: Exact citation of others' statements.
  • Skills Training: Reducing anxiety by acquiring speaking skills.
  • Specific Purpose: Objective of a speech; often called behavioral objectives.
  • Speech to Entertain: Designed to amuse and engage listeners.
  • Speech to Inform: Designed to increase listeners' knowledge.
  • Speech to Persuade: Designed to change listeners' attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.
  • Statistics: Numbers summarizing numerous cases.

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