Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Erikson, what does an infant develop when a caregiver provides sympathetic and loving care?
According to Erikson, what does an infant develop when a caregiver provides sympathetic and loving care?
- Autonomy
- Basic trust (correct)
- Confidence
- Independence
In Erikson's theory, what does overcontrol from caregivers lead to?
In Erikson's theory, what does overcontrol from caregivers lead to?
- Forced and shamed feelings (correct)
- Basic trust
- Autonomy
- Confidence
What is the main emphasis of Freud's theory in the parent-infant relationship?
What is the main emphasis of Freud's theory in the parent-infant relationship?
- Quality of caregiving (correct)
- Relieving discomfort
- Type of oral stimulation
- Amount of food offered
According to Erikson, what is developed when a child's desire for independence is tolerated and understood?
According to Erikson, what is developed when a child's desire for independence is tolerated and understood?
What is the term for the ability to understand another’s emotional states and respond emotionally in similar ways?
What is the term for the ability to understand another’s emotional states and respond emotionally in similar ways?
At what age do children typically recognize their own shadows?
At what age do children typically recognize their own shadows?
Which parenting style emphasizes independence with less body contact and physical stimulation?
Which parenting style emphasizes independence with less body contact and physical stimulation?
What term describes the ability to inhibit impulses, manage negative emotions, and behave acceptably?
What term describes the ability to inhibit impulses, manage negative emotions, and behave acceptably?
What concept involves waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act?
What concept involves waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act?
Which factor is associated with increasing compliance in children according to the text?
Which factor is associated with increasing compliance in children according to the text?
What can help toddlers develop compliance and self-control according to the text?
What can help toddlers develop compliance and self-control according to the text?
What is the term for the ability to categorize self and others into social categories such as age, gender, or physical characteristics?
What is the term for the ability to categorize self and others into social categories such as age, gender, or physical characteristics?
Which factor affects attachment security by evaluating childhood memories of attachment experiences?
Which factor affects attachment security by evaluating childhood memories of attachment experiences?
What type of care can lead to a desire to escape and feeling of being overwhelmed in children?
What type of care can lead to a desire to escape and feeling of being overwhelmed in children?
Which type of infants are more prone to insecurity when families are under stress?
Which type of infants are more prone to insecurity when families are under stress?
What is the role of fathers in attachment according to the text?
What is the role of fathers in attachment according to the text?
What is the impact of secure attachment on later development according to the text?
What is the impact of secure attachment on later development according to the text?
Which factor related to resilience involves integrating new information into working models?
Which factor related to resilience involves integrating new information into working models?
What type of care can interfere with exploration and make the child overly dependent yet angry at lack of involvement?
What type of care can interfere with exploration and make the child overly dependent yet angry at lack of involvement?
In what way does the preference for mothers decrease over the second year according to the text?
In what way does the preference for mothers decrease over the second year according to the text?
What do siblings provide alongside resentment according to the text?
What do siblings provide alongside resentment according to the text?
What can lead to decreased sensitivity according to the text?
What can lead to decreased sensitivity according to the text?
What is the impact of fathers' involvement on attachment according to the text?
What is the impact of fathers' involvement on attachment according to the text?
What type of play do fathers provide according to the text?
What type of play do fathers provide according to the text?
At what age do infants typically first display happiness through vocalizations, body movements, and facial expressions?
At what age do infants typically first display happiness through vocalizations, body movements, and facial expressions?
At what age do infants usually begin to understand emotions in others, with the 'like me effect' being the start of empathy?
At what age do infants usually begin to understand emotions in others, with the 'like me effect' being the start of empathy?
What is social referencing, as related to infants' emotional development?
What is social referencing, as related to infants' emotional development?
When do self-conscious emotions, such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, and pride, typically begin to emerge in infants?
When do self-conscious emotions, such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, and pride, typically begin to emerge in infants?
What is emotional self-regulation in infants?
What is emotional self-regulation in infants?
Which brain development contributes to emotional self-regulation in infants?
Which brain development contributes to emotional self-regulation in infants?
When do boys and girls typically start showing different patterns of emotional expressiveness?
When do boys and girls typically start showing different patterns of emotional expressiveness?
How does evolutionary influence affect infants' emotional development?
How does evolutionary influence affect infants' emotional development?
What is the 'like me effect' related to in infants' emotional development?
What is the 'like me effect' related to in infants' emotional development?
'Effortful control' is important for which aspect of infants' development?
'Effortful control' is important for which aspect of infants' development?
Which area of the brain is associated with higher activity in inhibited and shy children?
Which area of the brain is associated with higher activity in inhibited and shy children?
What is the foundation of adult personality traits according to the text?
What is the foundation of adult personality traits according to the text?
Which model includes activity level, attention span/persistence, fearful distress, irritable distress, and positive affect?
Which model includes activity level, attention span/persistence, fearful distress, irritable distress, and positive affect?
What is the primary method for measuring temperament according to the text?
What is the primary method for measuring temperament according to the text?
Which factor affects the stability of temperament according to the text?
Which factor affects the stability of temperament according to the text?
What did Thomas & Chase study in their New York Longitudinal Study?
What did Thomas & Chase study in their New York Longitudinal Study?
Which child-rearing model suggests that parenting should match a child's temperament?
Which child-rearing model suggests that parenting should match a child's temperament?
What can influence the development of temperament and child-rearing according to the text?
What can influence the development of temperament and child-rearing according to the text?
How do individuals differences in reactivity and self-regulation appear according to the text?
How do individuals differences in reactivity and self-regulation appear according to the text?
What is responsible for about half of individual differences in temperament?
What is responsible for about half of individual differences in temperament?
What can lead to poor regulation of emotions and weak response control according to the text?
What can lead to poor regulation of emotions and weak response control according to the text?
According to Attachment Theory, the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver is influenced by which two main perspectives?
According to Attachment Theory, the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver is influenced by which two main perspectives?
In the Freudian perspective of Attachment Theory, infants form an emotional bond with their mothers during which activity?
In the Freudian perspective of Attachment Theory, infants form an emotional bond with their mothers during which activity?
Which study demonstrated similarities between rhesus monkeys' behavior and that of human infants?
Which study demonstrated similarities between rhesus monkeys' behavior and that of human infants?
Which phase of attachment involves infants beginning to trust their caregivers and showing attachment signals?
Which phase of attachment involves infants beginning to trust their caregivers and showing attachment signals?
Which researcher's studies of imprinting influenced John Bowlby's theory of attachment?
Which researcher's studies of imprinting influenced John Bowlby's theory of attachment?
What method is commonly used to assess children's behaviors in various situations to measure attachment security?
What method is commonly used to assess children's behaviors in various situations to measure attachment security?
According to the text, which type of attachment is more common and stable for middle-SES babies?
According to the text, which type of attachment is more common and stable for middle-SES babies?
What factors play significant roles in the development of attachment, according to the text?
What factors play significant roles in the development of attachment, according to the text?
Which perspective emphasizes that infants develop an emotional tie to their caregivers as an evolved response promoting survival?
Which perspective emphasizes that infants develop an emotional tie to their caregivers as an evolved response promoting survival?
According to Attachment Theory, when do children develop internal working models of attachment figures, which inform expectations and support during stress?
According to Attachment Theory, when do children develop internal working models of attachment figures, which inform expectations and support during stress?
What type of bond does the Freudian perspective suggest infants form with their mothers during feeding?
What type of bond does the Freudian perspective suggest infants form with their mothers during feeding?
Which method is used to assess children's behaviors in various situations to measure attachment security?
Which method is used to assess children's behaviors in various situations to measure attachment security?
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Study Notes
- Contemporary research focuses on the significance of the infant-mother relationship and its impact on all later relationships
- Attachment Theory: the emotional bond between infant and caregiver, with two main perspectives: Freudian and ethological
- Freudian perspective: infants learn to prefer their mothers and form an emotional bond during feeding, which provides tension relief
- Harlow & Zimmerman's (1959) study: rhesus monkeys preferred terry-cloth "surrogate mothers," demonstrating similarities with human infants
- Ethological perspective: infants develop an emotional tie to their caregivers as an evolved response promoting survival
- Konrad Lorenz's studies of imprinting influenced John Bowlby's (1969) theory, emphasizing safety and competence in caregivers
- Ethological theory outlines four phases of attachment: preattachment, attachment-in-making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of a reciprocal relationship
- Preattachment: newborns can recognize mother's smell and voice but not yet attached
- Attachment-in-making: infants begin to trust their caregivers and show attachment signals
- Clear-cut attachment: separation anxiety develops, and the caregiver serves as a secure base for exploration
- Formation of a reciprocal relationship: children develop internal working models of attachment figures, which inform expectations and support during stress
- Measuring attachment security: methods like the Strange Situation and Attachment Q-Sort are used to assess children's behaviors in various situations
- Stability of attachment: secure attachment is more common and stable for middle-SES babies, while insecure attachment may persist in low-SES families with less support
- Factors affecting attachment security: opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, and cultural variations play significant roles in attachment development
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