57 Questions
According to Erikson, what does an infant develop when a caregiver provides sympathetic and loving care?
Basic trust
In Erikson's theory, what does overcontrol from caregivers lead to?
Forced and shamed feelings
What is the main emphasis of Freud's theory in the parent-infant relationship?
Quality of caregiving
According to Erikson, what is developed when a child's desire for independence is tolerated and understood?
Autonomy
What is the term for the ability to understand another’s emotional states and respond emotionally in similar ways?
Empathy
At what age do children typically recognize their own shadows?
2 years
Which parenting style emphasizes independence with less body contact and physical stimulation?
Distal parenting style
What term describes the ability to inhibit impulses, manage negative emotions, and behave acceptably?
Effortful control
What concept involves waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act?
Delay of gratification
Which factor is associated with increasing compliance in children according to the text?
Warm, sensitive care-giving
What can help toddlers develop compliance and self-control according to the text?
Offering many prompts and reminders
What is the term for the ability to categorize self and others into social categories such as age, gender, or physical characteristics?
Categorical self
Which factor affects attachment security by evaluating childhood memories of attachment experiences?
Parents' internal working models
What type of care can lead to a desire to escape and feeling of being overwhelmed in children?
Avoidant care
Which type of infants are more prone to insecurity when families are under stress?
At-risk newborns
What is the role of fathers in attachment according to the text?
Playmates
What is the impact of secure attachment on later development according to the text?
Higher self-esteem
Which factor related to resilience involves integrating new information into working models?
Integrating new information into working models
What type of care can interfere with exploration and make the child overly dependent yet angry at lack of involvement?
Inconsistent care
In what way does the preference for mothers decrease over the second year according to the text?
Children approach, vocalize to, and smile at both parents equally
What do siblings provide alongside resentment according to the text?
Affection and concern
What can lead to decreased sensitivity according to the text?
Job loss and financial difficulties
What is the impact of fathers' involvement on attachment according to the text?
Influence on attachment
What type of play do fathers provide according to the text?
Highly arousing physical play
At what age do infants typically first display happiness through vocalizations, body movements, and facial expressions?
Around the end of the first month
At what age do infants usually begin to understand emotions in others, with the 'like me effect' being the start of empathy?
Around 3-4 months
What is social referencing, as related to infants' emotional development?
The seeking of emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
When do self-conscious emotions, such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, and pride, typically begin to emerge in infants?
Around the middle of the second year
What is emotional self-regulation in infants?
The ability to adjust one's emotional intensity
Which brain development contributes to emotional self-regulation in infants?
Frontal lobe and cerebral cortex development
When do boys and girls typically start showing different patterns of emotional expressiveness?
Around the end of the first year
How does evolutionary influence affect infants' emotional development?
By increasing attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant ones
What is the 'like me effect' related to in infants' emotional development?
'Like me effect' refers to understanding emotions in others and starting empathy
'Effortful control' is important for which aspect of infants' development?
'Emotional self-regulation'
Which area of the brain is associated with higher activity in inhibited and shy children?
Right hemisphere frontal cortex
What is the foundation of adult personality traits according to the text?
Self-regulation
Which model includes activity level, attention span/persistence, fearful distress, irritable distress, and positive affect?
Rothbart's Model
What is the primary method for measuring temperament according to the text?
Combination of methods
Which factor affects the stability of temperament according to the text?
Biological factors
What did Thomas & Chase study in their New York Longitudinal Study?
Children's temperament and its impact on psychological development
Which child-rearing model suggests that parenting should match a child's temperament?
Goodness-of-Fit Model
What can influence the development of temperament and child-rearing according to the text?
'Collectivism vs. individualism' in culture
How do individuals differences in reactivity and self-regulation appear according to the text?
Early and remain stable
What is responsible for about half of individual differences in temperament?
Genetic influences
What can lead to poor regulation of emotions and weak response control according to the text?
Orphanages
According to Attachment Theory, the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver is influenced by which two main perspectives?
Freudian and ethological
In the Freudian perspective of Attachment Theory, infants form an emotional bond with their mothers during which activity?
Feeding
Which study demonstrated similarities between rhesus monkeys' behavior and that of human infants?
Harlow & Zimmerman's (1959) study
Which phase of attachment involves infants beginning to trust their caregivers and showing attachment signals?
Attachment-in-making
Which researcher's studies of imprinting influenced John Bowlby's theory of attachment?
Konrad Lorenz
What method is commonly used to assess children's behaviors in various situations to measure attachment security?
Strange Situation
According to the text, which type of attachment is more common and stable for middle-SES babies?
Secure attachment
What factors play significant roles in the development of attachment, according to the text?
Opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, and cultural variations
Which perspective emphasizes that infants develop an emotional tie to their caregivers as an evolved response promoting survival?
Ethological perspective
According to Attachment Theory, when do children develop internal working models of attachment figures, which inform expectations and support during stress?
Formation of a reciprocal relationship
What type of bond does the Freudian perspective suggest infants form with their mothers during feeding?
Emotional bond
Which method is used to assess children's behaviors in various situations to measure attachment security?
Attachment Q-Sort
Study Notes
- Contemporary research focuses on the significance of the infant-mother relationship and its impact on all later relationships
- Attachment Theory: the emotional bond between infant and caregiver, with two main perspectives: Freudian and ethological
- Freudian perspective: infants learn to prefer their mothers and form an emotional bond during feeding, which provides tension relief
- Harlow & Zimmerman's (1959) study: rhesus monkeys preferred terry-cloth "surrogate mothers," demonstrating similarities with human infants
- Ethological perspective: infants develop an emotional tie to their caregivers as an evolved response promoting survival
- Konrad Lorenz's studies of imprinting influenced John Bowlby's (1969) theory, emphasizing safety and competence in caregivers
- Ethological theory outlines four phases of attachment: preattachment, attachment-in-making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of a reciprocal relationship
- Preattachment: newborns can recognize mother's smell and voice but not yet attached
- Attachment-in-making: infants begin to trust their caregivers and show attachment signals
- Clear-cut attachment: separation anxiety develops, and the caregiver serves as a secure base for exploration
- Formation of a reciprocal relationship: children develop internal working models of attachment figures, which inform expectations and support during stress
- Measuring attachment security: methods like the Strange Situation and Attachment Q-Sort are used to assess children's behaviors in various situations
- Stability of attachment: secure attachment is more common and stable for middle-SES babies, while insecure attachment may persist in low-SES families with less support
- Factors affecting attachment security: opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, and cultural variations play significant roles in attachment development
Explore the key concepts in attachment theory and its role in shaping relationships. Delve into the theoretical debate over attachment, including the perspectives of Freud, behaviorists, and the influential study by Harlow & Zimmerman on Rhesus monkeys.
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