Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why are defects associated with ASD such as sinus venosus defect and patent foramen ovale considered not true ASD?
Why are defects associated with ASD such as sinus venosus defect and patent foramen ovale considered not true ASD?
- Because they involve the fusion of the atrial septa.
- Because they lead to cyanosis due to R to L shunt.
- Because they result in paradoxical embolism.
- Because they are morphologically distinct and not associated with absent anatomic atrial septum tissue. (correct)
In the case of uncomplicated ASD, why is oxygenated blood shunted from the left atrium into the right atrium but not vice versa?
In the case of uncomplicated ASD, why is oxygenated blood shunted from the left atrium into the right atrium but not vice versa?
- Due to elevated right atrial pressure.
- Because of the closure of the valve of the foramen ovale.
- Caused by the failure of the septum primum to close.
- As a result of LA pressure exceeding RA pressure. (correct)
What causes the appearance of cyanosis in ASD patients?
What causes the appearance of cyanosis in ASD patients?
- Closure of the valve of the foramen ovale.
- A decrease in RA pressure leading to cyanosis.
- Presence of systemic embolism.
- An increase in LA pressure due to pulmonary hypertension. (correct)
Why does the valve of the foramen ovale remain closed in ASD patients despite not being fully sealed?
Why does the valve of the foramen ovale remain closed in ASD patients despite not being fully sealed?
What is the pathophysiology behind paradoxical embolism in ASD patients?
What is the pathophysiology behind paradoxical embolism in ASD patients?
What differentiates morphologically distinct defects like sinus venosus defect from true ASD?
What differentiates morphologically distinct defects like sinus venosus defect from true ASD?
Why does cyanosis occur in ASD patients when RA pressure increases?
Why does cyanosis occur in ASD patients when RA pressure increases?
What change occurs in pulmonary resistance after birth?
What change occurs in pulmonary resistance after birth?
What facilitates the left-to-right directed shunt at the atrial level?
What facilitates the left-to-right directed shunt at the atrial level?
What determines the direction of shunt in cases of ASD?
What determines the direction of shunt in cases of ASD?
What is the primary cause of hypoxemia and cyanosis in complicated ASD?
What is the primary cause of hypoxemia and cyanosis in complicated ASD?
What happens to the direction of shunt if severe pulmonary vascular disease develops?
What happens to the direction of shunt if severe pulmonary vascular disease develops?
What symptoms might be observed in infants with ASD?
What symptoms might be observed in infants with ASD?
What change occurs over time due to the overload on RA & RV in ASD?
What change occurs over time due to the overload on RA & RV in ASD?
'In perinatal life, the pulmonary resistance is equal to the ____ resistance.' How should this sentence be completed?
'In perinatal life, the pulmonary resistance is equal to the ____ resistance.' How should this sentence be completed?
What would you suspect if the systolic pressure in the right arm is 15 to 20 mm Hg greater than that in a leg?
What would you suspect if the systolic pressure in the right arm is 15 to 20 mm Hg greater than that in a leg?
What characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
What characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
Why are the femoral pulses weak and delayed in coarctation?
Why are the femoral pulses weak and delayed in coarctation?
What do you expect in terms of pulse pressure between arms and legs in a normal individual?
What do you expect in terms of pulse pressure between arms and legs in a normal individual?
What causes subvalvular pulmonic stenosis in Tetralogy of Fallot?
What causes subvalvular pulmonic stenosis in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Where does coarctation proximal to the left subclavian artery cause an increase in systolic pressure?
Where does coarctation proximal to the left subclavian artery cause an increase in systolic pressure?
Which form of cyanotic congenital heart disease is most common after infancy?
Which form of cyanotic congenital heart disease is most common after infancy?
What anomaly characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot due to the displacement of the infundibular septum?
What anomaly characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot due to the displacement of the infundibular septum?
What happens when the pulmonary vascular resistance falls after birth in the context of a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
What happens when the pulmonary vascular resistance falls after birth in the context of a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
How does an increased blood return to the left ventricle (LV) affect the stroke volume after birth in the context of a large VSD?
How does an increased blood return to the left ventricle (LV) affect the stroke volume after birth in the context of a large VSD?
What is one potential consequence of prolonged volume overload in the LV due to a large VSD?
What is one potential consequence of prolonged volume overload in the LV due to a large VSD?
In what circumstance may an intracardiac shunt reverse its direction, leading to systemic hypoxemia and cyanosis?
In what circumstance may an intracardiac shunt reverse its direction, leading to systemic hypoxemia and cyanosis?
What happens to the shunting when pulmonary resistance equals systemic resistance in the context of a VSD?
What happens to the shunting when pulmonary resistance equals systemic resistance in the context of a VSD?
How does a nonrestrictive defect influence the left-to-right shunt in a VSD?
How does a nonrestrictive defect influence the left-to-right shunt in a VSD?
What is a potential outcome when pulmonary vascular resistance falls below systemic resistance?
What is a potential outcome when pulmonary vascular resistance falls below systemic resistance?
In what scenario could an overload of the right ventricle, pulmonary circulation, left atrium, and left ventricle occur?
In what scenario could an overload of the right ventricle, pulmonary circulation, left atrium, and left ventricle occur?
What is the likely reason behind the harsh systolic ejection murmur in transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
What is the likely reason behind the harsh systolic ejection murmur in transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
Why is there usually no distinct murmur related to the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
Why is there usually no distinct murmur related to the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
Which diagnostic study finding helps differentiate transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with other congenital heart defects?
Which diagnostic study finding helps differentiate transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with other congenital heart defects?
What does transposition of the great arteries (TGA) do to the circulatory system?
What does transposition of the great arteries (TGA) do to the circulatory system?
What is the pathophysiological consequence of TGA on blood oxygenation?
What is the pathophysiological consequence of TGA on blood oxygenation?
How does TGA differ from normal anatomy in terms of great vessel origin?
How does TGA differ from normal anatomy in terms of great vessel origin?
Why is there a lack of congestion in the lungs in transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
Why is there a lack of congestion in the lungs in transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
What does transposition of great arteries do to pulmonary blood flow?
What does transposition of great arteries do to pulmonary blood flow?
What is a potential consequence of prolonged volume overload in the LV due to a large VSD?
What is a potential consequence of prolonged volume overload in the LV due to a large VSD?
What is the most common physical finding in coarctation of the aorta?
What is the most common physical finding in coarctation of the aorta?
What does an excessive diverticulation of the muscular septum lead to?
What does an excessive diverticulation of the muscular septum lead to?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with right ventricular hypertrophy?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with right ventricular hypertrophy?
Which diagnostic study finding helps differentiate left ventricular hypertrophy from other conditions?
Which diagnostic study finding helps differentiate left ventricular hypertrophy from other conditions?
What structural development characterizes aortic stenosis?
What structural development characterizes aortic stenosis?
What is the primary reason for left ventricular hypertrophy in aortic stenosis?
What is the primary reason for left ventricular hypertrophy in aortic stenosis?
What pathophysiological consequence is associated with untreated severe pulmonic stenosis?
What pathophysiological consequence is associated with untreated severe pulmonic stenosis?
What is the result of right ventricular outflow obstruction in pulmonic stenosis?
What is the result of right ventricular outflow obstruction in pulmonic stenosis?
In coarctation of the aorta, where does an increase in systolic pressure occur due to proximal narrowing?
In coarctation of the aorta, where does an increase in systolic pressure occur due to proximal narrowing?
What symptom is most commonly seen in infants less than 1 year old with pulmonary valve stenosis?
What symptom is most commonly seen in infants less than 1 year old with pulmonary valve stenosis?
Which physical examination finding is characteristic of right ventricular hypertrophy?
Which physical examination finding is characteristic of right ventricular hypertrophy?
What diagnostic study finding is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy?
What diagnostic study finding is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy?
In coarctation of the aorta, where does proximal stenosis cause an increase in systolic pressure?
In coarctation of the aorta, where does proximal stenosis cause an increase in systolic pressure?
What symptom is a hallmark of severe pulmonary stenosis in adults?
What symptom is a hallmark of severe pulmonary stenosis in adults?
Why do children with a certain condition learn to alleviate their symptoms by squatting down?
Why do children with a certain condition learn to alleviate their symptoms by squatting down?
What is a common manifestation of a high mixing through a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a certain condition?
What is a common manifestation of a high mixing through a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a certain condition?
What is the primary reason for irritability, cyanosis, and hyperventilation in a specific condition?
What is the primary reason for irritability, cyanosis, and hyperventilation in a specific condition?
What is one mechanism that can lead to a decrease in systemic hypoxemia in patients with a certain condition?
What is one mechanism that can lead to a decrease in systemic hypoxemia in patients with a certain condition?
What is the reason behind children with a certain condition experiencing teratology spells?
What is the reason behind children with a certain condition experiencing teratology spells?
