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Questions and Answers
What is the energy currency used throughout the cell?
What is the energy currency used throughout the cell?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What are the three components of ATP?
What are the three components of ATP?
Phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine
What process breaks down bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP?
What process breaks down bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP?
Hydrolysis
ATP formation is a spontaneous process.
ATP formation is a spontaneous process.
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What are the three main kinds of work a cell performs?
What are the three main kinds of work a cell performs?
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What type of work is involved in the synthesis of polymers from monomers?
What type of work is involved in the synthesis of polymers from monomers?
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What type of work is involved in pumping substances across membranes?
What type of work is involved in pumping substances across membranes?
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What type of work is involved in the beating of cilia and the contraction of muscles?
What type of work is involved in the beating of cilia and the contraction of muscles?
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ATP is used to make RNA.
ATP is used to make RNA.
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What is the name of the process by which ATP is regenerated?
What is the name of the process by which ATP is regenerated?
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Catabolism provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP.
Catabolism provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP.
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What is the ATP cycle?
What is the ATP cycle?
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What is the estimated number of ATP molecules used and regenerated per second in a cell?
What is the estimated number of ATP molecules used and regenerated per second in a cell?
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What substance absorbs visible light?
What substance absorbs visible light?
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What is the name of the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane of a plant cell?
What is the name of the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane of a plant cell?
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What type of light does chlorophyll primarily absorb?
What type of light does chlorophyll primarily absorb?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of accessory pigment in the chloroplast?
Which of the following is NOT a type of accessory pigment in the chloroplast?
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What is the name of the flat, hydrophilic head of a chlorophyll molecule?
What is the name of the flat, hydrophilic head of a chlorophyll molecule?
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What is the name of the lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail of a chlorophyll molecule?
What is the name of the lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail of a chlorophyll molecule?
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When chlorophyll absorbs a photon, its electron is elevated to a higher energy level, which is known as the excited state.
When chlorophyll absorbs a photon, its electron is elevated to a higher energy level, which is known as the excited state.
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The excited state of chlorophyll is very stable and can remain in this state for extended periods.
The excited state of chlorophyll is very stable and can remain in this state for extended periods.
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What is the function of the light-harvesting complex in a photosystem?
What is the function of the light-harvesting complex in a photosystem?
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What component of a photosystem is responsible for accepting electrons from the pair of chlorophyll a?
What component of a photosystem is responsible for accepting electrons from the pair of chlorophyll a?
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Photosystem I was discovered before Photosystem II.
Photosystem I was discovered before Photosystem II.
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What is the name of the chlorophyll a in Photosystem II that absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm?
What is the name of the chlorophyll a in Photosystem II that absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm?
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Study Notes
ATP-ADP Cycle
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of the cell, powering mechanical, transport, and chemical work.
- ATP is composed of ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups.
- The last two phosphate bonds in ATP store high-energy, easily broken by hydrolysis, releasing energy.
- ATP powers cellular work through energy coupling, using exergonic processes to drive endergonic reactions.
- Three main types of cellular work are: chemical work (synthesis), transport work (movement across membranes), and mechanical work (muscle contraction).
- ATP is regenerated by adding a phosphate group to ADP using energy from catabolism (exergonic reactions).
- Regeneration of ATP occurs rapidly (10 million molecules/second) to support cellular needs.
Hydrolysis of ATP
- Hydrolysis breaks phosphate bonds in ATP, releasing energy.
- This process involves a water molecule breaking the terminal phosphate bond.
- The energy released comes from the change in the system's free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves.
- The negative charges on phosphate groups contribute to instability, increasing energy release.
Phosphorylation
- Phosphorylation is adding phosphate to ADP to regenerate ATP.
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy, used to drive endergonic reactions, changing protein shape.
- Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (removing phosphate) facilitate vital protein functions.
Regeneration of ATP
- ATP regeneration is crucial for sustained cellular activity.
- Catabolism provides the free energy required for phosphorylation.
- The ATP cycle efficiently shuttles inorganic phosphate and energy.
- ATP regeneration is very fast (approximately 10 million molecules/second).
- Without regeneration, cells would need an enormous amount of ATP daily.
Photosynthesis Pigments
- Pigments are essential for capturing solar energy needed for photosynthesis.
- Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, allowing plants to capture various wavelengths of the sun's energy.
- Chlorophyll is a green pigment largely responsible for photosynthesis.
- Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light and reflects green light, making plants appear green.
- Chlorophyll, along with other pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids, absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a, effectively contributing to capturing solar energy for photosynthesis.
- Different types of chlorophyll exist to absorb different wavelengths of light for an efficient photosynthetic process.
- Pigments in the reaction center of photosystems (including photosystem II and I) have essential roles in photosynthesis.
Photosystem
- Photosystems are complexes of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membranes.
- They absorb light, transfer energy, and facilitate electron transfer.
- Light-harvesting complexes funnel light energy to the reaction center.
- Reaction-center complexes initiate electron transfer.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the ATP-ADP cycle and the hydrolysis of ATP. This quiz covers the structure of ATP, its role in cellular work, and the processes involved in regenerating ATP. Understand how ATP acts as the energy currency within cells and its significance in biological systems.
