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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason elements tend to lose, gain, or share electrons?
What do you call the outer electron shell of an atom?
Which of the following molecules is an example of a covalent compound?
How many electrons can the second orbit of an atom hold?
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What charge do ions carry?
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Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?
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What characterizes a polar covalent bond?
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What is required for a molecule to be classified as a molecular compound?
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What characteristic of water allows structures like the alveoli to remain open and not collapse?
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Which type of substance does not dissolve in water and remains intact?
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What property of amphipathic molecules allows them to form cell membranes?
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Which of the following statements about water is incorrect?
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What role do surfactants play in the lungs?
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When body fluids are altered in pH, which substance is commonly added to create acidity?
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Which of the following best describes hydrophobic molecules?
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How do electrolytes behave when mixed with water?
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What phenomenon is primarily responsible for the collapse of moist sacs of air in the lungs?
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Which property of water primarily contributes to maintaining a stable body temperature?
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What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?
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How does water's high heat of vaporization benefit the human body?
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Which characteristic of water allows it to effectively transport substances in body fluids?
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What enables water to attach to blood vessels, preventing gaps or air pockets?
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Which of the following explains why water has a high specific heat?
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What role does cerebrospinal fluid serve in the body?
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How many ATP are produced per glucose during the entire cellular respiration process?
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What is the primary role of the protein complexes in the Electron Transport System?
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During the Citric Acid Cycle, how many molecules of NADH are produced from one glucose?
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What happens to H+ ions in the Electron Transport System?
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What effect does ATP have on the enzymes involved in cellular respiration?
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What is produced in the intermediate step of cellular respiration before entering the Citric Acid Cycle?
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Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between GTP and ATP during the Citric Acid Cycle?
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In the Citric Acid Cycle, how many carbon dioxide molecules are released per cycle?
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What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?
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Which of the following components is found in RNA but not in DNA?
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Which type of reaction involves the breaking down of substances into smaller components?
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How do exergonic reactions differ from endergonic reactions?
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What is the primary function of enzymes in the body?
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What is a defining characteristic of the active site of an enzyme?
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Which statement about metabolic reactions in the human body is TRUE?
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What suffix indicates that a substance is likely an enzyme?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
- Atoms have electron "shells" surrounding the nucleus, with each shell having a specific electron capacity.
- The first shell can hold 2 electrons, while the second and third shells can accommodate 8 electrons each.
- Valence shells desire to be full, leading to chemical stability.
- The octet rule explains that atoms tend to lose, gain, or share electrons to attain full outer shells.
Chemical Compounds and Bonds
- Chemical compounds consist of stable combinations of two or more elements in fixed ratios, typically satisfying the octet rule.
- Two main types of chemical bonds form these compounds: ionic and covalent bonds.
- Ionic compounds are structured around ions, which are charged atoms resulting from the loss or gain of electrons.
Ions and Their Functions
- Cations are positive ions (e.g., Na+, K+), while anions are negative (e.g., Cl-, PO3-).
- Ions act as electrolytes, dissociating in water and conducting electrical currents.
Covalent Bonding
- Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons from their outermost shells.
- Molecular compounds consist of two or more atoms linked by covalent bonds (e.g., CO2) while molecular oxygen (O2) is simply termed a molecule.
- Covalent bonds can be single (one pair of electrons shared), double (two pairs), or triple (three pairs).
Properties of Water
- Water is essential for life; it has high specific heat and high heat of vaporization, stabilizing body temperature.
- High specific heat prevents drastic temperature changes, while high heat of vaporization allows the body to cool effectively through sweating.
- Water’s high surface tension helps prevent lung alveoli from collapsing and provides lubrication in various body systems.
pH and Biological Relevance
- Water has a neutral pH, but body fluids can vary with the addition of acids or bases.
- The pH range in the body is generally around 7.0-7.4, with exceptions in specific organs.
Nucleic Acids and Their Functions
- Nucleotides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, consist of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
- DNA stores and transmits hereditary information, while RNA is critical for protein synthesis.
Energy and Metabolism
- Water, comprising around 60% of the body, serves as a solvent for biochemical reactions.
- Body temperature (98.6°F or 37°C) and a stable pH of 7.0-7.4 enable efficient enzymatic reactions.
Types of Chemical Reactions
- Decomposition reactions break down compounds into simpler structures (AB → A + B).
- Synthesis reactions combine structures to form larger entities (A + B → AB).
- Exchange reactions involve swapping groups between chemical structures (AB + C → A + BC).
Enzymes and Their Role
- Enzymes are globular proteins that act as catalysts, increasing reaction rates without altering the equilibrium.
- Enzymes have specific active sites that accommodate particular substrates, facilitating precise biochemical reactions.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- ATP production totals approximately 38 molecules per glucose, with glycolysis and the electron transport chain contributing significantly to ATP yield.
- ATP also serves as a regulatory molecule, inhibiting various enzymes during cellular respiration through negative feedback.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structures, focusing on the arrangement of electrons in shells around the nucleus. It includes topics such as the capacity of each shell, the importance of filling inner shells first, and the significance of valence shells in chemical stability according to the octet rule.
