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Questions and Answers
What is the positive charge of an atom due to?
What is the positive charge of an atom due to?
Which subatomic particle has no charge?
Which subatomic particle has no charge?
What determines the element of an atom?
What determines the element of an atom?
What is the outermost energy level of an atom involved in?
What is the outermost energy level of an atom involved in?
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Which model introduced energy levels and electron jumps?
Which model introduced energy levels and electron jumps?
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What is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom?
What is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom?
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What is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
What is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
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Which model is the most modern and accurate?
Which model is the most modern and accurate?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
Definition
- Atomic structure refers to the composition of an atom, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Subatomic Particles
-
Protons:
- Positively charged particles
- Located in the nucleus (central part) of the atom
- Number of protons determines the element of an atom
-
Neutrons:
- No charge (neutral)
- Located in the nucleus along with protons
- Number of neutrons can vary, leading to different isotopes of the same element
-
Electrons:
- Negatively charged particles
- Orbit around the nucleus in energy levels or shells
- Number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom
Electron Configuration
-
Energy Levels (Shells):
- Electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus
- Each shell has a maximum number of electrons it can hold
- Shells are filled in a specific order (aufbau principle)
-
Valence Electrons:
- Electrons in the outermost energy level
- Involved in chemical bonding and reactions
Atomic Models
-
Rutherford Model:
- Nucleus at the center, surrounded by electrons
- Electrons occupy specific energy levels
-
Bohr Model:
- Improved upon Rutherford's model by introducing energy levels and electron jumps
- Electrons occupy specific energy levels and jump to higher or lower levels by gaining or losing energy
-
Quantum Mechanical Model:
- Most modern and accurate model
- Uses wave functions and probability distributions to describe electron behavior
Key Concepts
- Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom, determines the element
- Mass Number: Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom, determines the isotope
- Ionization Energy: Energy required to remove an electron from an atom
- Electron Affinity: Energy change when an electron is added to an atom
Atomic Structure
Definition
- Atomic structure consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Subatomic Particles
- Protons are positively charged particles located in the nucleus, determining the element of an atom.
- Neutrons have no charge, are located in the nucleus, and can vary in number to form different isotopes of the same element.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in energy levels, with a number equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom.
Electron Configuration
- Electrons occupy specific energy levels (shells) around the nucleus, with each shell having a maximum number of electrons.
- Shells are filled in a specific order (aufbau principle).
- Valence electrons are involved in chemical bonding and reactions, located in the outermost energy level.
Atomic Models
- The Rutherford Model features a nucleus at the center, surrounded by electrons occupying specific energy levels.
- The Bohr Model improves upon Rutherford's by introducing energy levels and electron jumps.
- The Quantum Mechanical Model is the most modern and accurate, using wave functions and probability distributions to describe electron behavior.
Key Concepts
- Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, determining the element.
- Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom, determining the isotope.
- Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
- Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to an atom.
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Description
Understand the composition of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how they determine the element and its isotopes.
