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Questions and Answers
What is the determining factor of the element of an atom?
What is the determining factor of the element of an atom?
Which subatomic particle has no charge?
Which subatomic particle has no charge?
In Rutherford's Model, what is the location of the electrons?
In Rutherford's Model, what is the location of the electrons?
What is the purpose of the Aufbau Principle?
What is the purpose of the Aufbau Principle?
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Which atomic model describes electrons in a cloud of probability around the nucleus?
Which atomic model describes electrons in a cloud of probability around the nucleus?
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What is the term for the outermost energy level electrons?
What is the term for the outermost energy level electrons?
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What is the trend of atomic radius across a period?
What is the trend of atomic radius across a period?
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What is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
What is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
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What is the trend of ionization energy across a period?
What is the trend of ionization energy across a period?
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What is the unit of measurement that represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles in stoichiometry?
What is the unit of measurement that represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles in stoichiometry?
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What is the purpose of Avogadro's number in stoichiometry?
What is the purpose of Avogadro's number in stoichiometry?
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What type of conversion involves using the mole ratio from the balanced equation to convert between moles of reactants and products?
What type of conversion involves using the mole ratio from the balanced equation to convert between moles of reactants and products?
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What is the term for the ratio of the actual yield of a product to the theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage?
What is the term for the ratio of the actual yield of a product to the theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage?
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What is the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of product formed?
What is the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of product formed?
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How is the empirical formula of a compound calculated?
How is the empirical formula of a compound calculated?
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What is the purpose of the molar mass in stoichiometric calculations?
What is the purpose of the molar mass in stoichiometric calculations?
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What is the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound?
What is the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
Subatomic Particles
-
Protons:
- Positive charge
- Found in the nucleus
- Number of protons determines the element
-
Neutrons:
- No charge
- Found in the nucleus
- Number of neutrons determines the isotope
-
Electrons:
- Negative charge
- Found in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus
- Number of electrons equals the number of protons (neutral atom)
Atomic Models
-
Rutherford's Model:
- Nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels
-
Bohr's Model:
- Energy levels are specific distances from the nucleus
- Electrons jump to higher or lower energy levels by emitting or absorbing energy
-
Quantum Mechanical Model:
- Electron behavior is described by probability distributions (orbitals)
- Electrons exist in a cloud of probability around the nucleus
Electron Configuration
-
Valence Electrons:
- Outermost energy level electrons
- Determine the chemical properties of an element
-
Electron Shells:
- Energy levels around the nucleus
- Can hold a specific number of electrons
-
Aufbau Principle:
- Electrons occupy the lowest available energy level
- Electrons fill orbitals in a specific order (s, p, d, f)
Atomic Radius and Ionization Energy
-
Atomic Radius:
- Distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron
- Decreases from left to right across a period
-
Ionization Energy:
- Energy required to remove an electron from an atom
- Increases from left to right across a period
Atomic Structure
Subatomic Particles
- Protons have a positive charge, are found in the nucleus, and determine the element based on their number.
- Neutrons have no charge, are found in the nucleus, and determine the isotope based on their number.
- Electrons have a negative charge, are found in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus, and equal the number of protons in a neutral atom.
Atomic Models
Rutherford's Model
- The nucleus (protons and neutrons) is surrounded by electrons.
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels.
Bohr's Model
- Energy levels are specific distances from the nucleus.
- Electrons jump to higher or lower energy levels by emitting or absorbing energy.
Quantum Mechanical Model
- Electron behavior is described by probability distributions (orbitals).
- Electrons exist in a cloud of probability around the nucleus.
Electron Configuration
- Valence electrons are located in the outermost energy level and determine the chemical properties of an element.
- Electron shells are energy levels around the nucleus that can hold a specific number of electrons.
- The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy level and fill orbitals in a specific order (s, p, d, f).
Atomic Radius and Ionization Energy
- Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron, and it decreases from left to right across a period.
- Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, and it increases from left to right across a period.
Stoichiometry
- Study of quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions
Key Concepts
- Mole (mol): unit of measurement representing 6.022 x 10^23 particles (atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons)
- Molar mass (M): mass of one mole of a substance, usually expressed in grams per mole (g/mol)
- Avogadro's number (NA): 6.022 x 10^23, used to convert between moles and particles
Stoichiometric Calculations
- Mole-to-mole conversions: use mole ratio from balanced equation to convert between moles of reactants and products
- Mole-to-mass conversions: use molar mass to convert between moles and mass (grams)
- Mass-to-mass conversions: use mole ratio and molar masses to convert between masses of reactants and products
Limiting Reactant
- Definition: reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of product formed
- Identification: identify limiting reactant by comparing mole ratios of reactants and their respective masses
Percent Yield
- Definition: ratio of actual yield of a product to the theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage
- Calculation: (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%
Empirical Formula
- Definition: simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound
- Calculation: use mole ratios of elements to determine empirical formula
Molecular Formula
- Definition: actual formula of a compound, showing number of atoms of each element
- Calculation: use empirical formula and molecular mass to determine molecular formula
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Description
Learn about the subatomic particles that make up an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and explore atomic models such as Rutherford's model.
