Atomic Structure Quiz

Atomic Structure

Definition:

The atomic structure refers to the composition and organization of atoms, the building blocks of matter.

Subatomic Particles:

• Protons:
  • Positively charged particles
  • Found in the nucleus (central part) of the atom
  • Number of protons determines the element (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, oxygen)
• Neutrons:
  • Neutral particles (no charge)
  • Found in the nucleus with protons
  • Number of neutrons can vary, leading to different isotopes of the same element
• Electrons:
  • Negatively charged particles
  • Orbit around the nucleus
  • Number of electrons equals the number of protons (neutral atom)

Atomic Models:

• Rutherford Model (1911):
  • Nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons
  • Electrons occupy specific energy levels (shells)
• Bohr Model (1913):
  • Electrons jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy
  • Electrons emit energy when returning to lower energy levels
• Quantum Mechanical Model:
  • Electrons occupy orbitals (probability distributions) around the nucleus
  • Schrödinger equation describes the behavior of electrons in atoms

Energy Levels and Orbitals:

• Electron Shells:
  • Energy levels (1, 2, 3, ...) around the nucleus
  • Each shell has a specific capacity (number of electrons)
• Subshells:
  • Divisions within energy levels (s, p, d, f)
  • Determine the shape and orientation of orbitals
• Orbitals:
  • Probability distributions of electrons within subshells
  • Describe the electron density around the nucleus

Atomic Structure

Subatomic Particles:

• Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus, determining the element.
• Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus with protons, and their number can vary, leading to isotopes of the same element.
• Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus, with a number equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom.

Atomic Models:

• Rutherford Model (1911): The nucleus is surrounded by electrons occupying specific energy levels (shells).
• Bohr Model (1913): Electrons jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy and emit energy when returning to lower energy levels.
• Quantum Mechanical Model: Electrons occupy orbitals (probability distributions) around the nucleus, described by the Schrödinger equation.

Energy Levels and Orbitals:

• Electron Shells: Energy levels (1, 2, 3,...) around the nucleus, each with a specific capacity (number of electrons).
• Subshells: Divisions within energy levels (s, p, d, f) determining the shape and orientation of orbitals.
• Orbitals: Probability distributions of electrons within subshells, describing the electron density around the nucleus.