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Questions and Answers
What determines the element of an atom?
What determines the element of an atom?
What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
According to the Bohr Model, what happens to electrons when they absorb energy?
According to the Bohr Model, what happens to electrons when they absorb energy?
What is the purpose of electron shells?
What is the purpose of electron shells?
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What is the name of the equation that describes the behavior of electrons in atoms?
What is the name of the equation that describes the behavior of electrons in atoms?
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What is the term for the probability distribution of electrons within subshells?
What is the term for the probability distribution of electrons within subshells?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
Definition:
The atomic structure refers to the composition and organization of atoms, the building blocks of matter.
Subatomic Particles:
-
Protons:
- Positively charged particles
- Found in the nucleus (central part) of the atom
- Number of protons determines the element (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, oxygen)
-
Neutrons:
- Neutral particles (no charge)
- Found in the nucleus with protons
- Number of neutrons can vary, leading to different isotopes of the same element
-
Electrons:
- Negatively charged particles
- Orbit around the nucleus
- Number of electrons equals the number of protons (neutral atom)
Atomic Models:
-
Rutherford Model (1911):
- Nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons
- Electrons occupy specific energy levels (shells)
-
Bohr Model (1913):
- Electrons jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy
- Electrons emit energy when returning to lower energy levels
-
Quantum Mechanical Model:
- Electrons occupy orbitals (probability distributions) around the nucleus
- Schrödinger equation describes the behavior of electrons in atoms
Energy Levels and Orbitals:
-
Electron Shells:
- Energy levels (1, 2, 3, ...) around the nucleus
- Each shell has a specific capacity (number of electrons)
-
Subshells:
- Divisions within energy levels (s, p, d, f)
- Determine the shape and orientation of orbitals
-
Orbitals:
- Probability distributions of electrons within subshells
- Describe the electron density around the nucleus
Atomic Structure
Subatomic Particles:
- Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus, determining the element.
- Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus with protons, and their number can vary, leading to isotopes of the same element.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus, with a number equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom.
Atomic Models:
- Rutherford Model (1911): The nucleus is surrounded by electrons occupying specific energy levels (shells).
- Bohr Model (1913): Electrons jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy and emit energy when returning to lower energy levels.
- Quantum Mechanical Model: Electrons occupy orbitals (probability distributions) around the nucleus, described by the Schrödinger equation.
Energy Levels and Orbitals:
- Electron Shells: Energy levels (1, 2, 3,...) around the nucleus, each with a specific capacity (number of electrons).
- Subshells: Divisions within energy levels (s, p, d, f) determining the shape and orientation of orbitals.
- Orbitals: Probability distributions of electrons within subshells, describing the electron density around the nucleus.
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Description
Test your knowledge of atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and the composition of atoms.
