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Questions and Answers
What determines the element of an atom?
What is the charge of a neutron?
According to the Bohr Model, what happens to electrons when they absorb energy?
What is the purpose of electron shells?
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What is the name of the equation that describes the behavior of electrons in atoms?
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What is the term for the probability distribution of electrons within subshells?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
Definition:
The atomic structure refers to the composition and organization of atoms, the building blocks of matter.
Subatomic Particles:
-
Protons:
- Positively charged particles
- Found in the nucleus (central part) of the atom
- Number of protons determines the element (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, oxygen)
-
Neutrons:
- Neutral particles (no charge)
- Found in the nucleus with protons
- Number of neutrons can vary, leading to different isotopes of the same element
-
Electrons:
- Negatively charged particles
- Orbit around the nucleus
- Number of electrons equals the number of protons (neutral atom)
Atomic Models:
-
Rutherford Model (1911):
- Nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons
- Electrons occupy specific energy levels (shells)
-
Bohr Model (1913):
- Electrons jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy
- Electrons emit energy when returning to lower energy levels
-
Quantum Mechanical Model:
- Electrons occupy orbitals (probability distributions) around the nucleus
- Schrödinger equation describes the behavior of electrons in atoms
Energy Levels and Orbitals:
-
Electron Shells:
- Energy levels (1, 2, 3, ...) around the nucleus
- Each shell has a specific capacity (number of electrons)
-
Subshells:
- Divisions within energy levels (s, p, d, f)
- Determine the shape and orientation of orbitals
-
Orbitals:
- Probability distributions of electrons within subshells
- Describe the electron density around the nucleus
Atomic Structure
Subatomic Particles:
- Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus, determining the element.
- Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus with protons, and their number can vary, leading to isotopes of the same element.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus, with a number equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom.
Atomic Models:
- Rutherford Model (1911): The nucleus is surrounded by electrons occupying specific energy levels (shells).
- Bohr Model (1913): Electrons jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy and emit energy when returning to lower energy levels.
- Quantum Mechanical Model: Electrons occupy orbitals (probability distributions) around the nucleus, described by the Schrödinger equation.
Energy Levels and Orbitals:
- Electron Shells: Energy levels (1, 2, 3,...) around the nucleus, each with a specific capacity (number of electrons).
- Subshells: Divisions within energy levels (s, p, d, f) determining the shape and orientation of orbitals.
- Orbitals: Probability distributions of electrons within subshells, describing the electron density around the nucleus.
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Description
Test your knowledge of atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and the composition of atoms.
