Atomic Structure Quiz

Atomic model:
- Rutherford's nuclear model: nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons
- Electron cloud: region where electrons are likely to be found
Subatomic particles:
- Proton: positive charge, found in nucleus
- Neutron: no charge, found in nucleus
- Electron: negative charge, found in electron cloud
Atomic number (Z): number of protons in an atom
Mass number (A): total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Isotopes: atoms of the same element with different mass numbers
Ions: atoms or groups of atoms with a charge (gained or lost electrons)

Arrangement:
- Rows: periods
- Columns: groups (families)
- Metals: left side and center of the table
- Non-metals: right side of the table
Periodic trends:
- Atomic radius: decreases from left to right, increases down a group
- Electronegativity: increases from left to right, decreases down a group
- Ionization energy: increases from left to right, decreases down a group
Blocks:
- s-block: first two columns (groups 1 and 2)
- p-block: last six columns (groups 13 to 18)
- d-block: middle ten columns (groups 3 to 12)
- f-block: lanthanides and actinides (bottom two rows)

Types of bonds:
- Ionic bond: transfer of electrons between atoms
- Covalent bond: sharing of electrons between atoms
- Polar covalent bond: unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
Bonding theories:
- Electronegativity: ability of an atom to attract electrons
- VSEPR theory: shape of molecules based on electron pairs
Molecular shape:
- Linear
- Bent
- Trigonal planar
- Tetrahedral
- Trigonal bipyramidal
- Octahedral

Arrhenius theory:
- Acid: substance that donates a proton (H+)
- Base: substance that accepts a proton
Bronsted-Lowry theory:
- Acid: substance that donates a proton (H+)
- Base: substance that accepts a proton
pH scale:
- Acidic: pH < 7
- Neutral: pH = 7
- Basic: pH > 7
Strong and weak acids and bases:
- Strong acids: completely ionize in water
- Weak acids: partially ionize in water
- Strong bases: completely ionize in water
- Weak bases: partially ionize in water

Mole concept:
- Mole (mol): 6.022 x 10^23 particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)
- Molar mass: mass of one mole of a substance
Empirical and molecular formulas:
- Empirical formula: simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
- Molecular formula: actual number of atoms in a molecule
Stoichiometric calculations:
- Moles of reactants and products
- Amount of substance (mass or volume) of reactants and products
- Yield calculations: actual amount of product formed

Atomic model consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by an electron cloud, where electrons are likely to be found
Protons have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus
Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus
Electrons have a negative charge and are found in the electron cloud
Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in an atom
Mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different mass numbers
Ions are atoms or groups of atoms with a charge (gained or lost electrons)

The periodic table is arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups or families)
Metals are found on the left side and center of the table
Non-metals are found on the right side of the table
Atomic radius decreases from left to right and increases down a group
Electronegativity increases from left to right and decreases down a group
Ionization energy increases from left to right and decreases down a group
The periodic table is divided into blocks: s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block

Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms
Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
Polar covalent bonds are formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons
VSEPR theory predicts the shape of molecules based on electron pairs
Molecular shapes include linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral

Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that donate a proton (H+) and bases as substances that accept a proton
Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids as substances that donate a proton (H+) and bases as substances that accept a proton
pH scale: acidic (pH < 7), neutral (pH = 7), and basic (pH > 7)
Strong acids completely ionize in water, while weak acids partially ionize in water
Strong bases completely ionize in water, while weak bases partially ionize in water

One mole (mol) is equal to 6.022 x 10^23 particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance
Empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
Molecular formula is the actual number of atoms in a molecule
Stoichiometric calculations involve moles of reactants and products, amount of substance (mass or volume) of reactants and products, and yield calculations