Atomic Structure Fundamentals

Study Notes

Atomic Structure

Atomic Model:
- Protons (positive charge) and Neutrons (no charge) reside in the nucleus.
- Electrons (negative charge) orbit around the nucleus in energy levels or shells.
Subatomic Particles:
- Protons: positively charged, resides in nucleus, determines atomic number.
- Neutrons: no charge, resides in nucleus, determines atomic mass.
- Electrons: negatively charged, orbits nucleus, determines chemical properties.
Energy Levels (Shells):
- First shell (1s): 2 electrons
- Second shell (2s and 2p): 8 electrons
- Third shell (3s, 3p, and 3d): 18 electrons

Periodic Table

Organized by:
- Atomic number (number of protons)
- Atomic mass (average mass of naturally occurring isotopes)
Periods:
- Horizontal rows, elements exhibit similar trends in chemical properties.
Groups:
- Vertical columns, elements exhibit similar chemical properties due to same number of valence electrons.
Blocks:
- s-block: first two columns, s-orbitals
- p-block: last six columns, p-orbitals
- d-block: middle ten columns, d-orbitals
- f-block: bottom two rows, f-orbitals

Chemical Bonding

Types of Bonds:
- Ionic Bonds:
  - Formed between metals and nonmetals
  - Transfer of electrons, resulting in ions with opposite charges
- Covalent Bonds:
  - Formed between nonmetals
  - Sharing of electrons, resulting in a molecular bond
- Metallic Bonds:
  - Formed between metal atoms
  - Sea of delocalized electrons, binding atoms together
Polarity:
- Polar Covalent Bonds:
  - Unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in a partial positive and negative charge
- Nonpolar Covalent Bonds:
  - Equal sharing of electrons, resulting in no net dipole moment

Metals and Nonmetals

Metals:
- Typically shiny, malleable, and good conductors of electricity
- Often lose electrons to form ions (cations)
- Found on the left side and center of the periodic table
Nonmetals:
- Typically dull, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity
- Often gain electrons to form ions (anions)
- Found on the right side of the periodic table
Metalloids:
- Exhibit intermediate properties between metals and nonmetals
- Found on the border between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table

Atomic Structure

Protons have a positive charge and reside in the nucleus, determining the atomic number.
Neutrons have no charge and reside in the nucleus, determining the atomic mass.
Electrons have a negative charge and orbit around the nucleus in energy levels or shells.

Subatomic Particles

Protons: positively charged, resides in nucleus, determines atomic number.
Neutrons: no charge, resides in nucleus, determines atomic mass.
Electrons: negatively charged, orbits nucleus, determines chemical properties.

Energy Levels (Shells)

First shell (1s): 2 electrons.
Second shell (2s and 2p): 8 electrons.
Third shell (3s, 3p, and 3d): 18 electrons.

Periodic Table

Organized by atomic number (number of protons) and atomic mass (average mass of naturally occurring isotopes).
Periods are horizontal rows, where elements exhibit similar trends in chemical properties.
Groups are vertical columns, where elements exhibit similar chemical properties due to the same number of valence electrons.

Blocks

s-block: first two columns, s-orbitals.
p-block: last six columns, p-orbitals.
d-block: middle ten columns, d-orbitals.
f-block: bottom two rows, f-orbitals.

Chemical Bonding

Ionic Bonds: formed between metals and nonmetals, involving the transfer of electrons, resulting in ions with opposite charges.
Covalent Bonds: formed between nonmetals, involving the sharing of electrons, resulting in a molecular bond.
Metallic Bonds: formed between metal atoms, involving a sea of delocalized electrons, binding atoms together.

Polarity

Polar Covalent Bonds: unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in a partial positive and negative charge.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: equal sharing of electrons, resulting in no net dipole moment.

Metals and Nonmetals

Metals: typically shiny, malleable, and good conductors of electricity, often losing electrons to form ions (cations), found on the left side and center of the periodic table.
Nonmetals: typically dull, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity, often gaining electrons to form ions (anions), found on the right side of the periodic table.
Metalloids: exhibiting intermediate properties between metals and nonmetals, found on the border between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table.

Description

Learn about the basic structure of atoms, including the nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons, and energy levels. Understand the characteristics of subatomic particles and their roles in determining atomic properties.