Atomic Structure Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are orbitals?

A region or volume where the electron is most likely to be found.

How many electrons can each orbital hold?

What is a wave function?

What is the maximum number of electrons in the 1st energy level?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the 2nd energy level?

One s type orbital and three p type orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 3rd energy level consist of?

One s type orbital, three p type orbitals, and five d type orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

How many orbitals are in sublevel S?

1 Signup and view all the answers

How many orbitals are in sublevel P?

3 Signup and view all the answers

How many orbitals are in sublevel D?

5 Signup and view all the answers

How many orbitals are in sublevel F?

7 Signup and view all the answers

Describe the shape of an S sublevel.

A sphere. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the shape of a P sublevel.

Dumbbell. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the shape of a D sublevel.

Unique. Signup and view all the answers

Give the electronic configuration of lithium.

1s² 2s¹ Signup and view all the answers

Electronic configuration of Boron?

1s² 2s² 2p¹ Signup and view all the answers

Electronic configuration of Scandium?

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹ Signup and view all the answers

Electronic configuration of Gallium?

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p¹ Signup and view all the answers

What does a box or line represent?

Orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

What do the arrows represent?

Electrons spinning in the opposite direction. Signup and view all the answers

Orbital diagram for helium?

↑↓ Signup and view all the answers

Orbital diagram for lithium?

↑↓ ↑ Signup and view all the answers

What does the Pauli exclusion principle state?

An orbital can hold a max of 2 electrons and those electrons must have opposite spins. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Aufbau principle state?

Electrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest energy level. Signup and view all the answers

How do you use the noble gas configuration?

Put a noble gas symbol into [ ] and continue writing electron configuration from that point on. Signup and view all the answers

Noble gas configuration of Boron?

[He] 2s² 2p¹ Signup and view all the answers

Noble gas configuration of Iron?

[Ar] 4s² 3d⁶ Signup and view all the answers

What is the ground state configuration?

The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels. Signup and view all the answers

What are cations?

Positively charged ions (they've lost electrons). Signup and view all the answers

What are anions?

Negatively charged ions (they've gained electrons). Signup and view all the answers

Where can you only lose valence electrons?

From valence energy levels. Signup and view all the answers

Give the configuration of the anion Se²⁻.

GS: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁴; Anion: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ Signup and view all the answers

Give the configuration of the cation Ca²⁺.

GS: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²; Cation: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ Signup and view all the answers

What does isoelectric mean?

When an ion and an atom have the same number of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of two isoelectric elements.

Ca²⁺: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶; Argon: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Orbitals and Electrons

Orbitals indicate regions in space where electrons are likely to be found.
Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, categorized into types: s, p, d, and f.
The 1st energy level contains one 1s orbital capable of holding 2 electrons, with no other orbital types available.
The 2nd energy level has one 2s and three 2p orbitals (2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz), accommodating up to 8 electrons total.
The 3rd energy level consists of one 3s, three 3p, and five 3d orbitals, allowing up to 18 electrons.

Sublevels and Shapes

Sublevel s contains 1 orbital, with a spherical shape.
Sublevel p has 3 orbitals, shaped like dumbbells.
Sublevel d consists of 5 unique orbitals, while sublevel f contains 7 orbitals.

Electronic Configurations

Lithium has the configuration 1s²2s¹.
Boron is represented as 1s²2s²2p¹.
Scandium's configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹.
Gallium's configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p¹.
The configuration for the anion Se²⁻ is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶.

Orbital Diagrams

A box or line represents an orbital in diagrams.
Arrows illustrate electron spins: ↑ for one spin direction and ↓ for the opposite direction.
Helium's orbital diagram shows two electrons with opposite spins (↑↓), while lithium's shows one paired and one unpaired (↑↓ ↑).

Principles and Exclusions

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that an orbital can hold 2 electrons with opposite spins.
The Aufbau Principle dictates that electrons fill from the lowest to highest energy levels.
Noble gas configuration starts with a noble gas symbol in brackets, continuing from there for electron configuration.

Ions and Charges

Cations (positively charged) result from the loss of electrons, while anions (negatively charged) are formed by the gain of electrons.
The ground state configuration indicates the lowest energy arrangement of electrons.
Isoelectronic species possess the same number of electrons and thus identical electronic configurations; for example, Ca²⁺ and Argon both share the configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶.

Valence Electrons

Valence electrons can only be lost from the outermost energy levels during ion formation.
For cation Ca²⁺, the configuration changes after losing 2 electrons, while the anion Se²⁻ gains electrons to fill its outer shell.

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Test your knowledge of atomic structure with these flashcards! This quiz covers key concepts such as orbitals, their capacity, and wave functions, providing a solid foundation in atomic theory. Perfect for students preparing for chemistry exams!