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Questions and Answers
Which subatomic particle has a negligible mass?
Which subatomic particle has a negligible mass?
What primarily determines the identity of an atom?
What primarily determines the identity of an atom?
What defines an isotope of a particular element?
What defines an isotope of a particular element?
What role do neutrons play in an atom?
What role do neutrons play in an atom?
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Why is the mass number of an element generally not a whole number on the periodic table?
Why is the mass number of an element generally not a whole number on the periodic table?
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What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
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What can affect the stability of an atom?
What can affect the stability of an atom?
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Which of the following describes how atoms share electrons?
Which of the following describes how atoms share electrons?
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What defines an element?
What defines an element?
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Which model proposed that electrons are embedded in a sphere of positive charge?
Which model proposed that electrons are embedded in a sphere of positive charge?
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What is the main property of neutrons?
What is the main property of neutrons?
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What did Niels Bohr contribute to the atomic model?
What did Niels Bohr contribute to the atomic model?
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Which of the following best describes protons?
Which of the following best describes protons?
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What did Ernest Rutherford discover about atoms?
What did Ernest Rutherford discover about atoms?
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Which of the following statements about the atomic structure is correct?
Which of the following statements about the atomic structure is correct?
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What determines the type and charge of an atom?
What determines the type and charge of an atom?
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What is the chemical formula for methane gas?
What is the chemical formula for methane gas?
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How many hydrogen atoms are bonded to one carbon atom in methane?
How many hydrogen atoms are bonded to one carbon atom in methane?
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What type of bond is formed between carbon and hydrogen in methane?
What type of bond is formed between carbon and hydrogen in methane?
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In the methane molecule (CH4), how is the sharing of electrons depicted?
In the methane molecule (CH4), how is the sharing of electrons depicted?
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How many pairs of shared electrons are present in each covalent bond of methane?
How many pairs of shared electrons are present in each covalent bond of methane?
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What is the central atom when considering the covalent bonding in methane?
What is the central atom when considering the covalent bonding in methane?
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What is the primary characteristic of a covalent bond as exemplified in methane?
What is the primary characteristic of a covalent bond as exemplified in methane?
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What ratio of elements is present in the molecular composition of methane?
What ratio of elements is present in the molecular composition of methane?
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What property is maintained in chlorine gas because no electrons leave their original atoms?
What property is maintained in chlorine gas because no electrons leave their original atoms?
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How many valence electrons does each chlorine atom have?
How many valence electrons does each chlorine atom have?
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What is the chemical formula for a molecule of chlorine gas?
What is the chemical formula for a molecule of chlorine gas?
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How do chlorine atoms achieve a full outer shell of electrons?
How do chlorine atoms achieve a full outer shell of electrons?
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What type of covalent bond is formed between two oxygen atoms?
What type of covalent bond is formed between two oxygen atoms?
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How many total electrons does a neutral oxygen atom have?
How many total electrons does a neutral oxygen atom have?
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How many shared electrons are involved in the bond between two hydrogen atoms in methane?
How many shared electrons are involved in the bond between two hydrogen atoms in methane?
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What is the electron arrangement of a neutral carbon atom?
What is the electron arrangement of a neutral carbon atom?
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What does the oxygen chemical formula O2 represent?
What does the oxygen chemical formula O2 represent?
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How many electrons does a neutral hydrogen atom have?
How many electrons does a neutral hydrogen atom have?
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What is the main reason why carbon can bond with four hydrogen atoms in methane?
What is the main reason why carbon can bond with four hydrogen atoms in methane?
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In covalent bonding, how many pairs of shared electrons are represented as a double bond?
In covalent bonding, how many pairs of shared electrons are represented as a double bond?
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What is the outer electron configuration that indicates a full shell in elements?
What is the outer electron configuration that indicates a full shell in elements?
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What type of bonding occurs when two atoms share electrons?
What type of bonding occurs when two atoms share electrons?
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What is the central atom in a methane (CH4) molecule?
What is the central atom in a methane (CH4) molecule?
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Methane contains three hydrogen atoms bonded to one carbon atom.
Methane contains three hydrogen atoms bonded to one carbon atom.
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What is the chemical formula for methane gas?
What is the chemical formula for methane gas?
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In methane, each pair of shared electrons forms a _______ bond between carbon and hydrogen.
In methane, each pair of shared electrons forms a _______ bond between carbon and hydrogen.
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How many pairs of shared electrons are present in each covalent bond of methane?
How many pairs of shared electrons are present in each covalent bond of methane?
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Match the following compounds with their chemical formula:
Match the following compounds with their chemical formula:
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In covalent bonding, the central atom typically does not share any electrons.
In covalent bonding, the central atom typically does not share any electrons.
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What is the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in a methane molecule?
What is the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in a methane molecule?
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What primarily determines the mass of an atom?
What primarily determines the mass of an atom?
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Electrons have a positive charge.
Electrons have a positive charge.
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What is the role of protons in an atom?
What is the role of protons in an atom?
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The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and __________.
The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and __________.
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Match the following subatomic particles with their properties:
Match the following subatomic particles with their properties:
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Which of the following correctly describes isotopes?
Which of the following correctly describes isotopes?
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How does the atomic number relate to the number of protons?
How does the atomic number relate to the number of protons?
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The mass number of an element is always a whole number.
The mass number of an element is always a whole number.
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What describes the arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice?
What describes the arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice?
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JJ Thomson proposed the 'Nuclear model' of the atom.
JJ Thomson proposed the 'Nuclear model' of the atom.
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Identify the three subatomic particles that make up an atom.
Identify the three subatomic particles that make up an atom.
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The _______ model describes electrons orbiting the nucleus along specific pathways.
The _______ model describes electrons orbiting the nucleus along specific pathways.
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Match the atomic model with its corresponding key contributor:
Match the atomic model with its corresponding key contributor:
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Which element is represented by the symbol 'Pb'?
Which element is represented by the symbol 'Pb'?
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Protons and neutrons are located outside the nucleus of an atom.
Protons and neutrons are located outside the nucleus of an atom.
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What is the charge of an electron?
What is the charge of an electron?
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What is the chemical formula for chlorine gas?
What is the chemical formula for chlorine gas?
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A chlorine atom needs two additional electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
A chlorine atom needs two additional electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
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How many electrons does a neutral oxygen atom have?
How many electrons does a neutral oxygen atom have?
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In the molecule of oxygen gas, two oxygen atoms bond by sharing ____ pairs of electrons.
In the molecule of oxygen gas, two oxygen atoms bond by sharing ____ pairs of electrons.
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Match the following elements with the number of valence electrons they possess:
Match the following elements with the number of valence electrons they possess:
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What type of bond is formed between two chlorine atoms?
What type of bond is formed between two chlorine atoms?
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Chlorine atoms form a covalent bond by sharing two electrons.
Chlorine atoms form a covalent bond by sharing two electrons.
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What is the outer electron configuration of a neutral carbon atom?
What is the outer electron configuration of a neutral carbon atom?
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The chemical formula for a molecule of oxygen gas is ____.
The chemical formula for a molecule of oxygen gas is ____.
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Match the following bonds with their respective descriptions:
Match the following bonds with their respective descriptions:
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What arrangement does a neutral chlorine atom have?
What arrangement does a neutral chlorine atom have?
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Hydrogen needs one more electron to achieve a full outer shell.
Hydrogen needs one more electron to achieve a full outer shell.
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What is the total number of electrons required for carbon to achieve a full outer shell?
What is the total number of electrons required for carbon to achieve a full outer shell?
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The molecular composition of methane gas includes one carbon atom and ____ hydrogen atoms.
The molecular composition of methane gas includes one carbon atom and ____ hydrogen atoms.
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How many total electrons does a neutral carbon atom have?
How many total electrons does a neutral carbon atom have?
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Who proposed the 'Plum pudding' model of the atom?
Who proposed the 'Plum pudding' model of the atom?
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Electrons have a positive charge.
Electrons have a positive charge.
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What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?
What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?
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What does the atomic number represent?
What does the atomic number represent?
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The atomic model developed by _______ suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun.
The atomic model developed by _______ suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun.
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The charge of a proton is negative.
The charge of a proton is negative.
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What determines the stability of an atom?
What determines the stability of an atom?
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Match the following scientists with their contributions to atomic theory:
Match the following scientists with their contributions to atomic theory:
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What was the primary focus of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
What was the primary focus of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
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The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and __________.
The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and __________.
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Which of the following statements correctly describes isotopes?
Which of the following statements correctly describes isotopes?
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Atoms can only exist as single atoms.
Atoms can only exist as single atoms.
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What charge do protons carry?
What charge do protons carry?
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Match the following subatomic particles with their characteristics:
Match the following subatomic particles with their characteristics:
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Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons.
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons.
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What is the main role of electrons in an atom?
What is the main role of electrons in an atom?
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What is the chemical formula for methanol?
What is the chemical formula for methanol?
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Methane is formed through an ionic bond between carbon and hydrogen.
Methane is formed through an ionic bond between carbon and hydrogen.
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How many hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to a single carbon atom in methane?
How many hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to a single carbon atom in methane?
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Each covalent bond in methane is represented by a ______ between the carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Each covalent bond in methane is represented by a ______ between the carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Match the following compounds with their chemical formula:
Match the following compounds with their chemical formula:
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What type of bond is formed between carbon and hydrogen in methane?
What type of bond is formed between carbon and hydrogen in methane?
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Each hydrogen atom in methane shares one pair of electrons with carbon.
Each hydrogen atom in methane shares one pair of electrons with carbon.
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What ratio of hydrogen to carbon is found in the molecular structure of methane?
What ratio of hydrogen to carbon is found in the molecular structure of methane?
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What describes the bond formed between two chlorine atoms in a molecule of chlorine gas?
What describes the bond formed between two chlorine atoms in a molecule of chlorine gas?
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Chlorine gas is a molecular compound consisting of two chlorine ions.
Chlorine gas is a molecular compound consisting of two chlorine ions.
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What is the total number of electrons in a neutral oxygen atom?
What is the total number of electrons in a neutral oxygen atom?
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The chemical formula for methane gas is __________.
The chemical formula for methane gas is __________.
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Match the following gases with their chemical formulas:
Match the following gases with their chemical formulas:
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How many electrons are needed by each chlorine atom to achieve a full outer shell?
How many electrons are needed by each chlorine atom to achieve a full outer shell?
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A double covalent bond involves sharing two pairs of electrons.
A double covalent bond involves sharing two pairs of electrons.
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What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atoms in O2?
What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atoms in O2?
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In chlorine gas, each chlorine atom shares one electron to achieve a full outer shell, forming a __________.
In chlorine gas, each chlorine atom shares one electron to achieve a full outer shell, forming a __________.
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What is the electron arrangement of a neutral chlorine atom?
What is the electron arrangement of a neutral chlorine atom?
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Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron.
Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron.
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How many pairs of shared electrons are involved in the bond between two oxygen atoms?
How many pairs of shared electrons are involved in the bond between two oxygen atoms?
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Each carbon atom in methane (CH4) needs __________ more electrons to complete its outer shell.
Each carbon atom in methane (CH4) needs __________ more electrons to complete its outer shell.
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What ratio of elements is present in a molecule of methane?
What ratio of elements is present in a molecule of methane?
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Chlorine gas is represented as O2.
Chlorine gas is represented as O2.
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons are positively charged and located in the nucleus.
- Neutrons have no charge and are also located in the nucleus.
- Electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus.
- The number of protons determines the element.
- The number of protons and neutrons determines the mass of an atom.
- The ratio of protons to electrons determines the charge of an atom.
- The ratio of neutrons to protons determines the stability of the atom.
The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure
- The atomic number on the periodic table represents the number of protons.
- The mass number on the periodic table represents the average mass of all known isotopes of an element. The mass number is an average and therefore may be a decimal number.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have different numbers of neutrons.
- For example, carbon has three known isotopes:
- Carbon-12: 6 protons + 6 neutrons
- Carbon-13: 6 protons + 7 neutrons
- Carbon-14: 6 protons + 8 neutrons
Covalent Bonding
- Covalent Bonding occurs when two atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
- Covalent bonding occurs between non-metals.
- This type of bond results in the formation of molecules.
- A single covalent bond is represented by a straight line between the two atoms. It represents one shared pair of electrons.
- Double covalent bonds are represented by two lines between two atoms.
- Covalent bonds can be single, double or triple; based on the number of shared electron pairs.
Examples of Covalent Bonding
- Chlorine Gas (Cl2): Each chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell. They achieve this by sharing a pair of electrons.
- Oxygen Gas (O2): Each oxygen atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell. They achieve this by sharing two pairs of electrons creating a double bond.
- Methane Gas (CH4): Carbon needs four electrons to complete its outer shell and hydrogen needs one to complete its outer shell. So one carbon atom shares electrons with four hydrogen atoms, forming four single bonds.
Covalent Bonding: Water (H2O)
- There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom per water molecule.
- Both hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to the oxygen atom.
Covalent Bonding: Ammonia Gas (NH3)
- There are three hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom per ammonia molecule.
- Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the nitrogen atom.
History of the Atomic Model
- John Dalton proposed that atoms are the smallest unit of matter and are indivisible and indestructible.
- JJ Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively charged particle much lighter than the lightest atom, hydrogen. He proposed the "Plum Pudding" model, suggesting that the electrons are embedded in a positively charged sphere.
- Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus of the atom, a small dense region with a positive charge. He proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus and the atom is mostly empty space.
- Niels Bohr refined Rutherford's model, proposing that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific pathways or energy levels, similar to the planets orbiting the sun.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are made of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons are located in the nucleus and have a positive charge.
- Neutrons are also located in the nucleus and have no charge (neutral).
- Electrons are much lighter than protons and neutrons and orbit the nucleus.
- The number of protons in an atom determines the element.
- The number of protons and neutrons in an atom determines its mass.
- The ratio of protons to electrons determines the atom's overall charge.
- The ratio of neutrons to protons determines the atom's stability.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
- The mass number on the periodic table is the average mass of all known isotopes of an element.
Covalent Bonding
- Covalent bonding occurs between non-metals, where atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of electrons (stable octet).
- No ions are formed because no electrons permanently leave their atoms.
- Each pair of shared electrons forms a single covalent bond.
- A double covalent bond is formed by sharing two pairs of electrons.
- The chemical formula for a molecule shows the ratio of atoms bonded together.
- Covalent bonds can be represented by lines between atoms, with one line representing a single bond and two lines representing a double bond.
Examples of Covalent Bonding
- Chlorine gas (Cl2): Each chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons and needs one more to complete its octet. They share a single pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond.
- Oxygen gas (O2): Each oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons and needs two more to complete its octet. They share two pairs of electrons to form a double covalent bond.
- Methane gas (CH4): Carbon has 4 valence electrons and needs 4 more to complete its octet, while hydrogen has 1 valence electron and needs 1 more to complete its first shell. Carbon shares its 4 valence electrons with 4 hydrogen atoms, forming 4 single covalent bonds.
- Water (H2O): Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and needs 2 more to complete its octet. Hydrogen has 1 valence electron and needs one more. Oxygen shares two electrons with two hydrogen atoms, forming two single covalent bonds.
- Ammonia gas (NH3): Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons and needs 3 more to complete its octet. Hydrogen has 1 valence electron and needs one more. Nitrogen shares its 3 valence electrons with 3 hydrogen atoms, forming 3 single covalent bonds.
Atomic Structure
- The atom is comprised of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons are positively charged and reside in the nucleus. They determine the element's identity.
- Neutrons have no charge and are also located in the nucleus. They contribute to the atom's stability.
- Electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus, dictating reactivity.
The Periodic Table
- The atomic number, found on the periodic table, represents the number of protons in an atom.
- The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. It is not a whole number due to the average mass of all isotopes.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element, containing the same number of protons but differing in the number of neutrons.
- Their differences in neutron count lead to variations in mass, but not in chemical properties.
Covalent Bonding
- In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve a complete outer shell, attaining stability.
- Electrons are not transferred; atoms remain neutral, forming molecules.
- One shared electron pair represents a single covalent bond, visualized as a straight line.
- Two shared electron pairs represent a double covalent bond, visualized as two straight lines.
Examples of Covalent Molecules
- Chlorine gas (Cl₂): Each chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its valence shell. They share one electron pair, forming a single covalent bond.
- Oxygen gas (O₂): Each oxygen atom needs two electrons to fill its valence shell. They share two electron pairs, forming a double covalent bond.
- Methane gas (CH₄): Carbon requires four electrons, and hydrogen needs one. Carbon forms four single covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms.
Water (H₂O)
- Oxygen needs two electrons, and hydrogen needs one. Oxygen forms two single covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.
Ammonia Gas (NH₃)
- Nitrogen requires three electrons, and hydrogen needs one. Nitrogen forms three single covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of atomic structure including protons, neutrons, and electrons. This quiz covers key concepts of isotopes and their significance in the periodic table. Test your knowledge of how atomic composition affects element properties and stability.
